powders.pdf pharmacy semester 4 powders for students

Yes

1. PHARMACEUTICS -IIB(DosageForms
Science)[Theory]
1
Course code:PHARM415
LectureNo.11:(Powder,Capsules,TabletDosageForms)
Nazir Suliman
(Lecturer)

2. LearningObjectives
•Powder,Capsules,TabletDosageForms
•Definition
•Description
•Historicaluse
•IntroductiontoPowders
•PowdersandParticlesize
2

3. Powders
Definition
Powders,SolidDosageForm,arehomogenousdispersionsoffinely
divided,relativelydry particulatematerials,consistingofoneor more
substances.
3

4. Description
•Theterm“powder”hasmorethanoneconnotationinpharmacy. It
•maybeusedtodescribethephysicalformofa material,thatis, adry
substancecomposedoffinelydividedparticles.
•Or,itmaybeusedtodescribeatypeofpharmaceuticalpreparation,thatis,a
medicatedpowder intendedforinternal(i.e.,oralpowder)or external(i.e.,
topicalpowder)use.
4

5. Historicaluse
•Originally,powderswerefoundtobeaconvenientmodeofadministeringdrugs
derivedfromhardvegetablessuchasroots(e.g.,rhubarb),barks(e.g.,
cinchona),andwoods(e.g.,charcoal).
•Powdersasasoliddosageformhavebeenused historicallyas internaland
externalmedications.Forinternaluse,theycanbetakenorally,administered
throughthenoseassnuffsorblownintoabodycavityasaninsufflation.
5

6. IntroductiontoPowders
•Powdersmaycontainsmallproportionofliquidsdispersedthoroughly
anduniformlyoverthesolidcomponentsofamixture
•Oritmay becomposed ofentirelysolidmaterials.
6

7. Continued
Powdersusedassoliddosageformmaybepreparedfrom
•Anaturallyoccurringdriedvegetabledrug
•Aphysicalmixingoftwoormorepowderedpurechemicalagentspresent
indefiniteproportions.
7

8. PowdersandParticlesize
PowdersandParticlesize
•Thephysicochemicalpropertiesofpowdersarelargelydependentuponthesize
andsurfaceareaoftheparticles.
•Theparticlesofthepharmaceuticalpowdersmaybeveryfine(1µmorless)or
may beverycoarse(10,000µmor10mm).
8

9. Continued
•Inordertostandardizetheparticlesizeofagivenpowder,theUSPemploys
descriptivetermsdependinguponproportionofthepowderthatiscapableof
passingthroughtheopeningofstandardizedsievesofvaryingdimensionsin
aspecifiedtimeperiodundershaking,generallyinmechanicalshaker.
9

10. Continued
USPdefinesthepowderas,
VERYCOARSE(No.8)
•Allparticlespassthroughano.8sieveandnotmorethan20%throughano.60sieve.
COARSE(N0.20)
•Allparticlespassthroughano.20sieveandnotmorethan40%throughano.60sieve.
MODERATELYCOARSE(No.40)
•Allparticlespassthroughano.40sieveandnotmorethan40%throughano.80sieve.
10

11. FINE (No.60)
•Allparticlespassthroughano.60sieveandnotmorethan40%throughano.100
sieve.
VERYFINE(No.80)
•Allparticlespassthroughano.80sieveandthereisnolimitastogreaterfineness.
11

12. Influenceofparticlesizeofpowders
The particlesizecaninfluence
•DissolutionRate
•Suspendibility
•Distribution
•Nongrittiness
12

13. Particlesizeofpowders
13

14. Methodsfordeterminationofparticlesize
Methodsforparticlesizedeterminationare
•Sieving
•LightEnergyDiffraction
•Microscopy
•LaserHolography
•SedimentationRate
•Cascade Impaction
14

15. ReferenceBooks
•AllenLV,PopovichNG,AnselHC.Ansel'sPharmaceuticalDosage
FormsandDrugDeliverySystems.9thEd.LippincottWilliams&
Wilkins;2010.
•AultonME.Aulton'sPharmaceutics:TheDesignandManufacture
ofMedicines.3rdEd.ChurchillLivingstone;2007.
•BentleyAO.TextbookofPharmaceutics.8thEd.Macmillan
PublishingCoInc;1977.
15

16. PHARMACEUTICS -IIB(DosageForms
Science)[Theory]
16
Course code:PHARM415
LectureNo.12:(Powders)
Nazir Suliman
(Lecturer)

17. LearningObjectives
CharacteristicsofGoodPowder
AdvantagesofPowders
DisadvantagesofPowders
Medicatedpowders
Usesofpowders
17

18. CharacteristicsofGoodPowder
•Powders shouldbeinfineststateof subdivision
•Particlesizeshouldbesmalltoexposelargesurfacearea
•Powdersshouldnotshowagglomerationonstorage
•Rapiddissolution
18

19. Continued
Allconstituentsshouldbeadmixed uniformly
Powdersshouldhaveahighadsorptioncapacitywhichisimportantincaseof
•Antacids
•Antidiarrheals
•Antidotes
19

20. AdvantagesofPowders
Stability
Powdersaremorestablethanliquiddosageformsbecausechemicalreaction
between
•Drug and drug
•Drug and otheringredients
•Drugandatmosphericconditions
•Occurmoreslowlyforpowdersthanotherliquids.
20

21. Continued
RapidDissolution
•Rateofdissolutionofpowdersismorethanthatoftablets,capsulesetc.
RapidTherapeuticEffect
•Rapiddissolutionproduceshighbloodlevelsinshortertime.
21

22. Continued
EaseofAdministrationCheap andLessWastage
•Powdersareusuallyeasytoswalloweveninlargebulk,especiallywhenmixed
withfood ordrink.
FlexibilityofDosage
•Powderswhendispensedinindividualdosesoffer cheepnessaswastageis
minimumascomparedtoliquiddosageform.
22

23. Continued
PatientCompliance
•Somepatientscannotswallowcompresseddosageform,sopowdersare
easytoadministerthepatient.
23

24. DisadvantagesofPowders
•Patientmisunderstandingofcorrectmethodofuse.
•Drugs whichdeteriorateuponexposuretoatmosphericconditioncannot
bedispensedproperlyinpowderdosageforme.g.HygroscopicDrugs.
•Packagingmayprovecostlyin individualdosagewrappingof powders.
24

25. Continued
•Inaccuracyof dosein bulkpowders inanotherdisadvantage.
•Powdersareusuallycompoundedbythepharmacist,theirpreparationismore
timeconsuming.So powdersaremoretimecostlythancorrespondingtabletsand
capsulespreparedbypharmaceuticalmanufacturer.
•Bitter,nauseatingorcorrosivedrugscannotbedispensedinpowderformasthey
cannotbemasked properlywhen dispensedas powder.
25

26. Medicated
powders
•Theuseofmedicatedpowders intherapeuticsis limited,theuseofpowdered
substancesinthepreparationofotherdosageformsisextensive.
•Forexample,powdereddrugsmaybeblendedwithpowderedfillersandother
pharmaceuticalingredientstofabricatesoliddosageformsastabletsand
capsules.
26

27. UsesofPowders
Certaindrugsareusedinpowderformforsystemicactions.
•Asstartingpointforotherimportantdosageformsincludingtablets,capsulesand
suspensions.
•Asadruglubricant.
•Asdryingagentbyactingasabsorbenttoincreasetheevaporatingsurfaceofa
moistskinlesion.
•Asadsorbentsofbacteria,bacterialtoxins,poisons,gases,acidsinGIT.
27

28. ReferenceBooks
•AllenLV,PopovichNG,AnselHC.Ansel'sPharmaceuticalDosage
FormsandDrugDeliverySystems.9thEd.LippincottWilliams&
Wilkins;2010.
•AultonME.Aulton'sPharmaceutics:TheDesignandManufacture
ofMedicines.3rdEd.ChurchillLivingstone;2007.
•BentleyAO.TextbookofPharmaceutics.8thEd.Macmillan
PublishingCoInc;1977.
28

29. PHARMACEUTICS -IIB(DosageForms
Science)[Theory]
29
Course code:PHARM415
LectureNo.13:(Powders)
Nazir Suliman
(Lecturer)

30. LearningObjectives
ClassificationofPowders
•ThenoofActiveIngredientsPresent
•TheModeofDispensing
30

31. ClassificationofPowders
Powderscanbeclassifiedas;
•Accordingtothe no ofActiveIngredientsPresent
•Accordingtothe ModeofDispensing
31

32. ThenoofActiveIngredientsPresent
Accordingtotheno ofActiveIngredientsPresent
1.SimplePowders
Thesedosageformconsistsofoneactiveingredientmixedwithsome inert
substancesi.e.lactoseorstarch.
Examples:
•Hyoscinehydrobromidepowderusedasanti-emetic.
32

33. Continued
2. CompoundPowders
•Thisdosageformcontainmorethanoneactiveingredient.
Examples:
•Compoundbismithpowder
•Compoundefferscentpowder
•Compoundkaolinepowder
•Rhubabpowder(Sod.BicarbonateandMenthaoil)usedascarminative.
33

34. TheModeofDispensing
AccordingtotheModeof Dispensing
1.BulkDensity
•Theyarenotdividedintodosesbeforebeinghandedtothepatient
•Generallyless-potentdrugsaresuppliedintheformofbulkpowders.
•Thesearepackedin bulkcontainersafterpreparation.
•Boricacid&ZnOpowder used dustingpowderfor faceand neck
34

35. Continued
DividedPowder
•Afterpreparationofpowderofpowderitmaybedividedintoindividualunits
baseduponthedosetobeadministeredatasingletime.
•Potentdrugs and thosedrugsthatshould beadministeredincontrolleddosageare
usuallysuppliedtothepatientindividedpowders.
•Eachdividedportionofpowderisplacedon asmall pieceofpaperwhichis then
foldedso astoenclosethemedication.
•Examples:Headachepowders, Laxativepowder , ORS.
35

36. PreparationofPowders
Powders canbepreparedbythefollowingmethods
•Spatulation
•Trituration
•Sifting
•Tumbling
36

37. Spatulation
•Smallamountofpowdershavingsame rangeofparticlesizeand
densitiesmay beconvenientlymixedonasheetofpaperontilewith
spatula.
•Littleparticlesizereductionofpowder resultsfrom Spatulation.
37

38. Trituration
•Whenitis desiredthatthefinishedproductshavethepropertiesof
lightnessanddiffusibilityinliquids,powdersmay bemixedin
mortar.
•HeavyandprolongTriturationresultsinafineranddenser powders.
38

39. Sifting
•Compoundpowderscontainingvegetablesubstancesoftenrequiresifting
tobreakupthesmallmassesofcoheringparticles.
•When freeflowing,lightpowdersaredesired,ingredientsmaybebrushed
throughasieve.
•Thismethod isnotacceptableforpowdersofpotentdrugs.
39

40. Tumbling
•Whensimplemixingofpowdersisdesired,withoutreductioninparticle
size,widemouthedcontainersmaybeusedfortumbling.
•Thesecontainersrotategenerallyby motorizedprocess.
•Tumblingisrecommendedformixingpowderswithconsiderable
densitydifference.
40

41. 41

42. ReferenceBooks
•AllenLV,PopovichNG,AnselHC.Ansel'sPharmaceuticalDosage
FormsandDrugDeliverySystems.9thEd.LippincottWilliams&
Wilkins;2010.
•AultonME.Aulton'sPharmaceutics:TheDesignandManufacture
ofMedicines.3rdEd.ChurchillLivingstone;2007.
•BentleyAO.TextbookofPharmaceutics.8thEd.Macmillan
PublishingCoInc;1977.
42

43. PHARMACEUTICS -IIB(DosageForms
Science)[Theory]
43
Course code:PHARM415
LectureNo.14:(PackagingofPowders)
Nazir Suliman
(Lecturer)

44. LearningObjectives
PackagingofPowders
DividedPowderPackagingorUnitDosePackaging
BulkPackagingorMultidosePackaging
44

45. PackagingofPowders
Dependingupontheirintendeduse,powders maybepackagedintwo ways;
•DividedPowderPackagingorUnitDosePackaging
•BulkPackagingor MultidosePackaging
45

46. DividedPowder
DividedPowderPackagingorUnitDosePackaging
•Itisrecommendedforpowderofpotentdrugorfordrugstobeusedatcontrolledrate
anddosage.
•Powderaftermixingisdividedintoportionintoportion(requiredamount)andthen
wrappedinapapertoenclosetherequiredamountforsingledose,e.g. Calceeplusby
WilsonandORS.
•Thesesingledosewrappersarethenpackagedinenvelopsorboxes.
•Ifpowderfordividedpackagingishygroscopic,volatilesubstanceordeliquescent
solid,aninnerwrapperofparchmentpaperisnecessarye.g.Calceeplus.
46

47. DividedPowder
BulkPackagingorMultidosePackaging
•Thisislesspotentdrug.
•Bulkpowdersareusuallysentoutinscrewcappedjarsorbottles,withmouth
sufficientlywidetotaketheteaspoonortablespoonas required.
•Theymaybesuppliedintheformofaerosols,e.g.,Antacids.
47

48. Topicalpowders
•Topicalpowdersshouldhaveauniform,smallparticlesizethatwillnot
irritatetheskinwhenapplied.Theyshouldbeimpalpableandfreeflowing,
shouldeasilyadheretotheskin,andshouldbepassedthroughatleasta
No.100-meshsievetominimizeskinirritation.Thepowdershouldbe
preparedsothatitadherestotheskin.
48

49. Continued
•Topicalpowdersusuallyconsistofabaseorvehicle,suchascornstarch
ortalc;anadherent,suchasmagnesiumstearate,calciumstearate,orzinc
stearate;andpossiblyanactiveingredient,alongwithanaromatic
material.
49

50. Insufflatedpowders
•Insufflatedpowdersarefinelydividedpowdersthatareintendedtobeappliedina
bodycavity,suchastheears,nose,vagina,toothsocket,orthroat.
•Whenusinganinsufflator,or“puffer,”thepatientsimply“puffs”thedesired
quantityofpowderontotheaffectedareaorintothecavity.Thisdeviceis
particularlyappropriateforanti-infectives.
50

51. Physicochemicalconsiderations
•Thepreparationofpharmaceuticalproducts,solidmaterialsfirstare characterized
todeterminetheirchemicalandphysicalfeatures,including:
•morphology,purity,solubility,flowability,stability,particlesize,uniformity,and
compatibilitywithanyotherformulationcomponents.
51

52. Micromeritics
•Micromeriticsisthescienceofsmallparticles;aparticleisanyunitofmatter
havingdefinedphysicaldimensions.Itisimportanttostudyparticlesbecause
mostdrugdosageformsaresolids,solidsarenotstaticsystems,thephysical
stateofparticlescanbealteredbyphysicalmanipulation,andparticle
characteristicscanaltertherapeuticeffectiveness.
•Micromeriticsisthestudyofanumberofcharacteristics,includingparticlesize
andsizedistribution,shape,angleofrepose,porosity,truevolume,bulk
volume,apparentdensity,andbulkiness
52

53. Particlesizereduction
•Comminution,reductionoftheparticlesizeofasolidsubstancetoa
finerstate,isusedtofacilitatecrudedrugextraction,increasethe
dissolutionratesofadrug,aidintheformulationofpharmaceutically
acceptabledosageforms,andenhancetheabsorptionofdrugs.
•Thereductionintheparticlesizeofasolidisaccompaniedbyagreat
increaseinthespecificsurfaceareaofthatsubstance.
53

54. Comminutionofdrugs
•Grindingadruginamortartoreduceitsparticlesizeistermedtriturationor
comminution.
•Onasmall scale,thepharmacistreducesthesizeofchemicalsubstancesby
grindingwithamortarandpestle.Afinergrindingactionisaccomplishedby
usinga mortar.
•Onalargescale,varioustypesofmillsandpulverizersmaybeusedto
reduceparticlesize.
54

55. Hygroscopicanddeliquescentpowders
•Hygroscopicpowderswillabsorbmoisturefromtheair.Deliquescent
powderswillabsorbmoisturefromtheairtotheextentthattheywillpartially
orwhollyliquefy.Theseproblemsmustbeovercomeforthepowdertobe
acceptabletothepatientand usable.
•Thebestapproachistodispensetheingredientsintightcontainersand
incorporateadesiccantpacketor capsulewhennecessary.
55

56. ReferenceBooks
•AllenLV,PopovichNG,AnselHC.Ansel'sPharmaceuticalDosage
FormsandDrugDeliverySystems.9thEd.LippincottWilliams&
Wilkins;2010.
•AultonME.Aulton'sPharmaceutics:TheDesignandManufacture
ofMedicines.3rdEd.ChurchillLivingstone;2007.
•BentleyAO.TextbookofPharmaceutics.8thEd.Macmillan
PublishingCoInc;1977.
56