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1. MITE INFESTATION IN RABBITS Presented by Jisha shaji 22- BVM- 037

2. FUR MITES 2 genus Cheyletiella : C. parasitavorax ( most common) C. yasguri C. blakei Listrophorus : L .gibbus

3. CHEYLETIELLA PARASITAVORAX Etiology : noninvasive fur mite of rabbits Transmission : Direct contact, Numerous in intrascapular region Pathogenesis : The mite remains in association with the keratin layer of skin and feeds on tissue fluids. Clinical signs : Fur falling off in clumps with erythema & flaking of underlying skin Diagnosis : Microscopical examination Mites are ovoid or saddle shaped with large palps and pedal combs.

4. PSOROTOPES CUNICULI Etiology : Non burrowing ear mite of rabbits causing “Ear Canker” Distribution : External ear canals , spread to face, neck and legs . Transmission : Direct contact Pathogenesis : Live on the surface feeding on lipids, keratin, crusts and cerumen . Clinical signs : Light to heavy brown crusts in outer ear canal , head shaking, weight loss, decreased productivity, secondary infection result in torticollis. Diagnosis : Microscopical examination of ear crusts and swab.

5. LEPORACARUS GIBBUS Etiology : small, non- burrowing, obligate parasite. Distribution : Entire body, concentrated in rump. Transmission : Direct contact Pathogenesis : The life cycle of the parasite is characterized by complete metamorphosis and occurs entirely on rabbit coat. It feeds on sebum and skin epithelial cells. Clinical signs : Moist dermatitis in back, groin and ventral abdomen. Diagnosis : Microscopical examination Mites are brown, ovoid with short ventrally directed legs. Males have posterior clasping organ .

6. SARCOPTES SCABIEI Etiology : Small, burrowing mite, also referred as itch or scab mite Distribution : Ears, nose, feet and perineal area Transmission : Direct contact Pathogenesis : Mite burrows into the skin and feeds on the host’s serum and epithelial tissues , resulting in severe skin lesions. Clinical signs : Intense pruritus , hair loss and abrasions as a result of scratching , anemia, leukopenia. Diagnosis: Microscopical examination of skin scrapings The body of the mite is round and legs are very short.

7. WEST NILE FEVER IN WILD ANIMALS

8. ETIOLOGY Family – Flaviviridae Genus – Flavivirus Single stranded RNA virus Two Genetic lineage Lineage 1: 3 clades ( 1a,1b,1c) Lineage 2

9. TRANSMISSION Primary mosquito vector Culex sp. Tick vectors Overwintering of mosquitoes Birds

10. TRANSMISSION CYCLE

11. SPECIES AFFECTED BY WEST NILE VIRUS Horses Black Bear Cattle Goats Wolf Seal Sheep Alpaca Cat Dog Mountain goat Deer Rabbit Alligator Chipmunk Gray Squirrels Skunk Bats Crocodile Llama

12. PATHOGENESIS Virus entry via bite of a mosquito vector Replication of the virus occurs in dendritic cells Infected dendritic cells transport the virus to regional lymph nodes Primary viremia Infection of peripheral tissues such as spleen and kidney By end of the first week, virus cleared from serum and peripheral organs

13. CLINICAL SIGNS Birds Non-specific signs e.g. depression, anorexia, weakness, leg paralysis, weight loss Neurological signs e.g. abnormal head or neck posture, ataxia, tremors, circling, disorientation, paresis, visual impairment, dysphagia and seizures Horses Neurological signs - weakness, paresis or paralysis, apparent blindness, lip droop and tooth grinding Other mammal Neurological signs

14. GROSS LESIONS Birds - splenomegaly, meningoencephalitis , and myocarditis Horses - oedema of supraorbital fossa, submeningeal edema, congestion in spinal cord, oral and lingual ulceration, pulmonary oedema . Raptors - Encephalitis, endopthalmitis , endocarditis Other mammal - No relevant gross lesions.

15. HISTOPATHOLOGY Birds : mild to severe encephalitis and meningitis , with infiltrates and perivascular cuffing– mainly lymphocytes and plasma cells. Myocarditis (mild to severe), sometimes nephritis, hepatitis, pneumonitis Horses : Nonsuppurative encephalitis – neuronophagia , multifocal gliosis, perivascular cuffing. Other mammals : Nonsuppurative encephalitis and myocarditis .

16. DIAGNOSIS Clinical signs and lesions Detection of antibodies: PRNT ( plague reduction neutralization test ), ELISA Detection of antigen: RT- PCR, NASBA ( Nucleic acid sequence based amplification), VecTest .

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