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Citation education

1. LEGAL CITATION FORM 1 CASE NAMES IN BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION Citations to Legal Sources Just as in academic writing, in legal writing writers must document the legal sources on which they rely. Reason: to demonstrate that each proposition of law stated in the document is supported by a recognized legal authority In legal writing, the writer cannot “make up” rules or propositions of law that have no basis in a recognized legal authority.

4. INTRODUCTION Citations to Legal Sources Legal citation = in legal writing, identification of a recognized legal authority as the source or basis of a legal rule, proposition, or argument. Recognized legal authorities include the following: All primary sources of law. Many secondary authorities, particularly those authored by law professors or others with a demonstrated legal expertise.

5. INTRODUCTION Citation Guides for Legal Writing The Bluebook ® To achieve an orderly, efficient, and uniform way of providing this information in legal writing, certain organizations have crafted detailed “rules of citation” or “rules of form” for legal professionals and legal scholars. By far, the most widely used legal citation manual in the country is The Bluebook ® : A Uniform System of Citation ® .

6. INTRODUCTION Citation Guides for Legal Writing The Greenbook Many states also have their “local rules” for citing their own state laws within the state. In Texas, these rules are published as Texas Rules of Form: The Greenbook , which supplements the Bluebook regarding citations to Texas law only. When the two conflict, the Greenbook trumps.

7. INTRODUCTION Citation Guides for Legal Writing In legal writing: Always follow a recognized legal citation manual. Do not follow citation manuals for non-legal academic writing.

8. INTRODUCTION Bluebook Structure Bluepages Whitepages Tables

9. INTRODUCTION Bluebook Structure Bluepages Contain descriptions of most of the basic citation forms necessary for attorneys and paralegals to use in court documents and other non -academic legal writing Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (Abbreviation: “B”) - : Basic citation guidelines : Table of court document abbreviations : Table of jurisdiction-specific citation rules and style guides B1 B21 BT1 BT2 IDENTIFIES THE GREENBOOK FOR TEXAS

10. INTRODUCTION Bluebook Structure Whitepages Contain citation rules for academic legal writing, are consulted by attorneys and paralegals only if the Bluepages are silent on a topic or if more detailed guidance is necessary Rules of Citation and Style (Abbreviation: “R”) - : General standards of citation and style - : Rules for citation of specific kinds of authority : Cases : Constitutions : Statutes : Administrative and Executive Materials R1 R9 R10 R21 R10 R11 R12 R14

11. INTRODUCTION Bluebook Structure Tables Contain lists of the proper abbreviations for use in citations, such as abbreviations of common words in case names and abbreviations of the names of case reporters, courts, cities, states, and months. Four especially important tables for the most common citations: Tables Used in Conjunction with the Bluepages and Whitepages (Abbreviation: “T”) : Abbreviations and citations for U.S. jurisdictions (federal and each state ) . . . : Abbreviations of common words in case names : ″ court names (Cir., Ct. App., N.D., E.D., S.D., W.D., etc.) . . . : ″ geographical terms (including state names) T1 T6 T7 T10

12. BLUEBOOK CITATION FORM: CASE NAMES

13. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Overview The core of a case citation in Bluebook form consists of four pieces of information. Example of a fictional citation: Kelly v. Moon & Star Enters. Co. ,  999 F.3d 10 ( 5th Cir. 2019 ). CASE NAME SOURCE WHERE CASE CAN BE FOUND DECIDING COURT YEAR OF DECISION

14. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name Finding the case name Start with the case name that appears at the top of the opinion. Then modify that name in accordance with the Bluebook rules. [ Whitepages Rule R10.2.1 ] Example of a fictional opinion: 999 F.3d 10 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. Robert Craig KELLY, Jr., M.D., and Sharon Ortiz, Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. THE MOON AND STAR ENTERPRISES COMPANY, INCORPORATED, and Barry J. Weber, Defendants–Appellees. No. 18-00001 Filed July 31, 2019

15. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name Finding the case name (continued) Omit descriptive terms of parties already named. [ Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(e) ] ORIGINAL CASE NAME Robert Craig Kelly, Jr., M.D., and Sharon Ortiz, Plaintiffs–Appellants v. The Star and Moon Enterprises Company, Incorporated, and Barry J. Weber, Defendants–Appellees

16. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES 1 State only the first-named party before “v.” and the first-named party after “v.” 1 Robert Craig Kelly, Jr., M.D. , and Sharon Ortiz v. The Star and Moon Enterprises Company, Incorporated , and Barry J. Weber 1 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1( i ) ABBREVIATION OF LATIN WORD VERSUS (“AGAINST”)

17. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 2 The abbreviation “v.” is lowercase, ends with a period, and does not contain an “s.” 2 Robert Craig Kelly, Jr., M.D. v. The Star and Moon Enterprises Company, Incorporated , and Barry J. Weber 2 See Bluepages Rule B10.1.1( i )

18. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Human Names If a party is an individual (human), state the last name only. Omit suffixes, initials, and titles. 3 last Exception: state all names of an Asian name in which the last name comes first . 4 Robert Craig Kelly , Jr., M.D. v. The Star and Moon Enterprises Company, Incorporated , and Barry J. Weber 3 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(ii); Whitepages Rule 10.2.1(g)

19. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Human Names If a party is an individual (human), state the last name only. Omit suffixes, initials, and titles. 3 l Exceptions : State all names of an Asian name in which the last name comes first . 4 4 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(g) Yao Zhen Guang v. Yeh Zhi An BUT: 3 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(ii); Whitepages Rule 10.2.1(g)

20. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Human Names If a party is an individual (human), state the last name only. Omit suffixes, initials, and titles. 3 l Exceptions : State all names of an Asian name in which the last name comes first . 4 In a Spanish- or Portuguese -derived name, include all names after the last name . 5 4 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(g) 5 Id. Ortega y Gasset v. Alcala de Larosa BUT: 3 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(ii); Whitepages Rule 10.2.1(g)

21. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [T6] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 . Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 Kelly v. The Star and Moon Enterprises Company , Incorporated , and Barry J. Weber 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

22. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [T6] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 . Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 Kelly v. The Star and Moon Enter. Co. , Inc . 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

23. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [ T6 ] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 . Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 7 Table T6 (introductory paragraph) Kelly v. The Star and Moon Enters. Co., Inc. 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

24. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [ T6 ] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 7 Table T6 (introductory paragraph) 8 Table T6 Kelly v. The Star & Moon Enters. Co., Inc. 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

25. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [ T6 ] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 7 Table T6 (introductory paragraph) 8 Table T6 9 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(d) Kelly v. The Star & Moon Enters. Co., Inc. 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

26. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [ T6 ] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 7 Table T6 (introductory paragraph) 8 Table T6 9 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(d) Kelly v. Star & Moon Enters. Co. , Inc. 10 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(h) 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

27. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 Entity Names If a party is an entity (organization) , state all words in the name except as follows: Abbreviate common words in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms in Table 10 [ T10 ]. 6 To make a Table 6 [ T6 ] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. 7 Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. 8 Omit “The” if it begins the name. 9 Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”). 10 7 Table T6 (introductory paragraph) 8 Table T6 9 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(d) 10 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(h) Kelly v. Star & Moon Enters. Co. 6 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v); Whitepages Rule 10.2.2

28. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 State Names If a state’s name is the party’s entire name (not merely part of the name) . . . Use the word “State” alone if the deciding court is in that state’s court system. 11 Otherwise, use the state’s name alone (such as “Texas”). If state’s name is only part of the party’s name, abbreviate the state name per Table 10.1 [T10.1] Smith v. State of Texas CASE DECIDED BY TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS 11 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(f)

29. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 State Names If a state’s name is the party’s entire name (not merely part of the name) . . . Use the word “State” alone if the deciding court is in that state’s court system. 11 Otherwise, use the state’s name alone (such as “Texas”). If state’s name is only part of the party’s name, abbreviate the state name per Table 10.1 [T10.1] Smith v. State CASE DECIDED BY TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS 11 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(f)

30. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 State Names If a state’s name is the party’s entire name (not merely part of the name) . . . Use the word “State” alone if the deciding court is in that state’s court system. 11 Otherwise, use the state’s name alone (such as “Texas”). 12 If state’s name is only part of the party’s name, abbreviate the state name per Table 10.1 [T10.1] Smith v. State of Texas CASE DECIDED BY U.S. SUPREME COURT 11 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(f) 12 Id.

31. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 State Names If a state’s name is the party’s entire name (not merely part of the name) . . . Use the word “State” alone if the deciding court is in that state’s court system. 11 Otherwise, use the state’s name alone (such as “Texas”). 12 If state’s name is only part of the party’s name, abbreviate the state name per Table 10.1 [T10.1] Smith v. Texas CASE DECIDED BY U.S. SUPREME COURT 11 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(f) 12 Id.

32. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 State Names If a state’s name is the party’s entire name (not merely part of the name) . . . Use the word “State” alone if the deciding court is in that state’s court system. 11 Otherwise, use the state’s name alone (such as “Texas”). 12 If state’s name is only part of the party’s name, abbreviate the state name per Table 10.1 [ T10.1 ]. 13 11 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(f) 12 Id. 13 Whitepages Rule R10.2.2 Smith v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins.

33. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 State Names If a state’s name is the party’s entire name (not merely part of the name) . . . Use the word “State” alone if the deciding court is in that state’s court system. 11 Otherwise, use the state’s name alone (such as “Texas”). 12 If state’s name is only part of the party’s name, abbreviate the state name per Table 10.1 [ T10.1 ]. 13 13 Whitepages Rule R10.2.2 12 Id. 11 Whitepages Rule R10.2.1(f) Smith v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins.

34. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 United States Name If United States or United States of America is the entire name of the party ( as opposed to part of the name), use “United States.” 14 , use abbreviation “U.S.” per Table 10.3 [T10.3]. Smith v. United States of America 14 Whitepages Rule R10.2.2

35. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 United States Name If United States or United States of America is the entire name of the party ( as opposed to part of the name), use “United States.” 14 Otherwise, use abbreviation “U.S.” per Table 10.3 [T10.3]. 15 Smith v. United States 14 Whitepages Rule R10.2.2

36. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 United States Name If United States or United States of America is the entire name of the party ( as opposed to part of the name), use “United States.” 14 Otherwise, use abbreviation “U.S.” per Table 10.3 [ T10.3 ]. 15 Smith v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury 14 Whitepages Rule R10.2.2 15 Id.

37. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 3 United States Name If United States or United States of America is the entire name of the party ( as opposed to part of the name), use “United States.” 14 Otherwise, use abbreviation “U.S.” per Table 10.3 [ T10.3 ]. 15 Smith v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury 15 Id. 14 Whitepages Rule R10.2.2

38. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 4 Italicize or underline (not both) entire case name continuously. 16 or Kelly v. Star & Moon Enters. Co. Kelly v. Star & Moon Enters. Co. MORE COMMON TODAY 16 Bluepages Rule B2

39. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 5 Place comma ( not italicized or underlined) after case name. 17 Kelly v. Star & Moon Enters. Co. , 17 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v) ( Bluepages Tip)

40. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS Case Name CASE CITATION: CASE NAME RULES (CONTINUED) 5 Place comma ( not italicized or underlined) after case name. 17 Kelly v. Star & Moon Enters. Co. , 17 Bluepages Rule B10.1.1(v) ( Bluepages Tip)

41. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS BLUEBOOK CASE NAME RULES: SUMMARY 1 State only first-named party before “v.” and first-named party after “v.” 2 “v.” ( versus ) is lowercase, ends with a period, and is not followed by “s.” 3 Rules for Names of Specific Types of Parties Humans (individuals) —s tate last name only (no suffixes, titles) except as follows: State first and last names of an Asian name whose last name comes first. Include all names after the last name of a Spanish- or Portuguese-derived name. Entities (organizations) —state full name except as follows: Abbreviate common words appearing in Table 6 [ T6 ] and geographic terms appearing in Table 10 [ T10 ], subject to “States” and “United States” rules on following slide. To make a Table 6 [ T6 ] abbreviation plural, insert “s” before period. Replace the word “and” with an ampersand [&]. Omit “The” if it begins the name. Omit all except first of multiple business firm signals (e.g., “Co.,” “Inc.,” “Corp.”).

42. BLUEBOOK CASE CITATIONS 3 Rules for Names of Specific Types of Parties (continued) States If state name is party’s sole name : Use word “State” alone if deciding court is in that state’s court system. Use state’s name alone if deciding court is not in that state’s court system. If state name is part of larger name, abbreviate state name per Table 10.1 [ T10.1 ]. United States If United States or United States of America is party’s sole name, use phrase “United States” alone. If United States or United States of America is part of larger name, abbreviate name as “U.S.” per Table 10.3 [ T10.3 ]. 4 Italicize or underline (not both) entire case name continuously. 5 Place comma ( not italicized or underlined) after case name.