POWERPOINT PRESENTATION IN CRIMINOLOGY.pptx

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1. CHAPTER 4 VICTIMOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION, VICTIMS AND VICTIMIZATION

2. Victims and Victimization There are a number of definitions of what constitute a ‘ victim ’, the UN declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, the “ victim ” are “the person who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm _ including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering , financial or economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through conducts that are criminalized by national laws or through other behaviors that are not criminalized by nation laws but violate internationally recognized norms of human rights and as such they are internationally criminalized”.

3. UN Declaration underscored some basic principles that can be summarized into the following: a. access to justice and fair treatment; b. restitution ; c. compensation; and d. assistance Access to justice and fair treatment Victims should be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity. They are entitled to access to the mechanisms of justice and prompt redress, as provided for by national legislation, for the harm that they have suffered.

4. B. RESTITUTION The act of giving back something that has been lost or stolen. The act of compensating for loss or injury by reverting as far as possible to the position before such injury occurred. Example: A shoplifter who is ordered to repay a store owner for the cost of a stolen item, or an assailant who must pay for their victim’s medical expenses after a violent assault. In homicide cases, restitution can even cover funeral costs.

5. C. COMPENSATION Compensation refers to the monetary payment given to an individual in exchange for their services. Victim compensation is a direct financial reimbursement to a victim for an expense that resulted from a crime , such as medical costs or lost wages. This compensation can be in the form of a salary, wage, benefits, bonuses, paid leave, pension funds, and stock options, and more.

6. D. Assistance The activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose. Victims must get the required information, medical, social and psychological assistance through governmental, voluntary, indigenous and community based means.

7. VICTIMIZATION The act of making someone into a victim by harming or killing them. The word “victimization” describes the outcome of crime based on the interaction between the offender & victim. It is almost similar to a grammatical relationship between subject as will as object. In the victimological terminology, the phrase “victimizer” continues to be conceptualized to describe this particular part of crime effect. Consequently, it could be stated that “victimizer” is a complex term in victimology. It is referred to as “offender” or “criminal” in some other branches of criminal sciences like in criminal law and criminology.

8. TYPOLOGIES OF VICTIMs The following are types of victims of crimes. Child victims refer to those who are subjected to an act proscribed by domestic and international laws who are below the age of eighteen (18) years. These children are victimized primarily due to their childhood, or the offender is attracted to them due to their youth. Examples are child abuse and rape, child trafficking, and the recruitment of child combatants in internal conflicts. In the Philippines, victimizing children is penalized by laws such as Republic Act 9208 or the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act and Republic Act 9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act.

9. Female victims are those who are victimized by male offenders owing to their gender. These crimes are collectively described as “violence against women” are characterized in situations of “domestic violence”. Domestic abuse or violence is perpetrated by male offenders against female victims if their own household such as women battery committed by a husband or male partners. Minority victims refer to those victims who are targeted by criminals since they are victims of a minority group. Thus, minority victims may be said to be victims of discrimination. Examples of which are victims of hate crimes such as women homosexuals, Muslims who are attacked by Islamophobes and American Blacks targeted by White Supremacies.

10. Environmental Victims and Non-human victims . Only since the 1990s when Green Criminology was developed did we see the environment and non-human animals as victims too. Green Criminology (Lynch et al., 2017) refers to the study of environmental crimes and harms affecting human and non-human life, ecosystems and the biosphere. More specifically, green criminology explores and analyzes: the causes, consequences and prevalence of environmental crime and harm, the responses to and prevention of environmental crime and harm, the responses to and prevention of environmental crime and harm by the legal system (civil, criminal, regulatory), and by nongovernmental entities and social movements, as well as the meaning and mediated representations of environmental crime and harm. In the Philippines, a number of statues seek to protect the environment. To name a few, Presidential Decree 705 or the Forestry Code, The Philippine Mining Act of 1995, The Clean Air Act, and The Clean Water Act, just to name a few. Non-human animals are protected too such as Republic Act of 9147 or the Wildlife Conservation Act and The Animal Welfare Act of 1995, as amended.

11. CHAPTER 5 THEORIES OF VICTIMOLOGY Nowadays, victimization theories have become typical elements of criminological work, though it was very controversial at the outset. Despite its apparent appeal today, perspectives on victim behavior have just lately received enough scholarly respectability to join forces with the mainstay of the criminological theories of offenders behavior. Seminal works that have integrated victim perspectives, like Wolfgang’s (1958) research on homicide and particularly Amir’s (1971) work on rape, encountered political issues since it came out the victim bore some responsibility for their victimization. This was a concept that smacked of “blaming the victim”. In his 2005 book, Criminology: Theories, Patterns and Typologies, Larry J. Siegel four major theories of victimology; namely, a. Victim Precipitation Theory, b. Lifestyle Theory, c. Deviant Place Theory, and d. Routine Activities Theory.

12. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY Victim precipitation is a criminology theory that analyzes how a victim’s interaction with an offender may contribute to the crime being committed. The theory is most commonly associated with crimes like homicide, rape, assault, and robbery. Victim precipitation theory, the first theory of victimization, contends that victims give rise to the criminal events that harm them, either though victim facilitation or even through victim provocation. Examples: “In 1971, Menachem Amir suggested female rape victims often contribute to their attacks by… pursuing a relationship with the rapist. “ A woman may become the target of domestic violence when she increases her job status and her success results in a backlash from a jealous spouse or partner”.

13. LIFESTYLE THEORY Lifestyle theory posits that one maybe at a higher risk of being victimized due to certain choices and/or lifestyles. This theory was based on the personal and professional lifestyle activities that may lead to a person becoming a victim. Examples: ” Single women who drink frequently and have a prior history of being sexually assaulted are most likely to be assaulted on (college) campus.” “ People who belong to groups that have an extremely risky life--homeless, runaways, drug users—are at high risk for victimization; the more time they are exposed to street life, the greater their risk of becoming crime victims.”

14. Deviant place theory The more often victims visits dangerous places, the more likely they’ll be exposed to violence and crime. Victims don’t encourage crime but are victim prone since they reside in socially disorganized high crime areas just where they’ve probably the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, regardless of the own behavior of theirs or perhaps lifestyle. Deviant place theory states that frequent exposure to danger places one at higher risk of victimization. For example , a person who lives in a socially disorganized area with a high crime rate may be more susceptible to victimization. Walking alone in the dark alley

15. Routine activities theory Routine activity theory looks at crime from an offender’s point of view. A crime will only be committed if a likely offender thinks that a target is suitable and a capable guardian is absent. It is the offender’s assessment of a situation that determents whether a crime will take place. For example, an owner of a Television might be away from their home when a burglar decides to target the television for stealing. The television is the target and the owner’s absence indicates the absence of a capable guardian, thereby making the crime more likely according to the theory.

16. CHAPTER 3 HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION AND RECOVERY A negotiation approach is a systematic process of starting to work on a task of negotiating and dealing with hostage-takers, in which the primary consideration are the arrangements of terms and conditions between the authorities and suspects, which are necessary for the release of the hostages . Principles of Hostage Negotiation and Recovery The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker. The former's only value is a tool for the latter to get what he wants, not from the hostage but from the authorities. The priorities in hostage situations are preservation of life, the apprehension of the hostage-taker, and the recovery and protection of properties. A hostage situation must not conclude violently, for the interest of the hostage, the hostage-taker, and the authorities. To successfully negotiate, there must be a need for the negotiator to place himself in the shoes of the hostage- taker. This is because a hostage-taker who is bent on killing himself is a non-negotiable case.

17. Guidelines for the initial stage of hostage negotiations 1. Assess the situation The concerned authority must immediately attempt to identify the cause of the crisis and what needs to be done diffuse the hostility. to 2. Take immediate corrective action The concerned authority must separate the combatants and isolate them from each other. If arrest is warranted, it must be done immediately, and the combatants must be removed. If medical help is needed, then the concerned authority must ensure that appropriate help is provided. 3. Listen and observe in a crisis situation, one of the most effective techniques is for the concerned authority to make an effort to see exactly what is happening. Hence, there should be an attempt on the part of the concerned authority to be totally non-judgmental and devote one's full attention to what the principal actors in the crisis are saying or doing.

18. 4. Employ crisis diffusion techniques through the following: a. Keeping a low voice and speaking slowly. b. Keeping non-verbal communication open and indicating a willingness to listen. C. Establishing eye contact with the hostage-taker/s. This often indicates sincerity and willingness to listen. d. Touching the hostage-taker/s while talking may establish trust and help keep the lines of communication open. e. Attempting a compromise. 5. Write the follow-up report The concerned authority should write a follow-up report as soon as possible when the need for the following appears: a psychologist, a family counseling expert and a spiritual guidance counsellor, among others.

19. Crisis Negotiating Team (CNT) The CNT, also called the Crisis Management Team (CMT), provides verbal and tactical support to the SWAT Team, and is responsible for controlling a barricaded suspect or hostage situation. The CNT must ensure that it meets the following three key objectives: Safety for all people involved; Safe release or rescue of the hostage; and Apprehension and prosecution of the hostage-taker/s. Composition of the CNT 1. Primary Negotiator 2. Secondary Negotiator 3. Psychologist 4. Intelligence coordinator In a hostage situation, the cardinal rule is that "the Commander does not negotiate, and the negotiator does not command." Thus, it is important to note that the Ground Commander should not serve as a negotiator because of the following reasons: . a. The hostage-taker will develop a sense of importance. b. The hostage-taker may make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing with the Ground Commander. c. There may arise conflict of roles as both the Ground Commander and negotiator.