PPawdwdawadadwddfsfssfsefesfsfT UNIT2.pdf

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1. FASTENERS
SUBMITTED BY-
MUDIT KUMAR
22109014

2. WHAT ARE FASTENERS?
FASTENERS ARE DEVICES THAT ARE USED TO JOIN TWO OR MORE OBJECTS TOGETHER
MECHANICALLY. THEY PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CONSTRUCTION AND MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES.
IMPORTANCE OF FASTENERS
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY: ENSURE STABILITY AND STRENGTH OF ASSEMBLIES.
FLEXIBILITY: ALLOW FOR EASY DISASSEMBLY AND REASSEMBLY FOR MAINTENANCE.
WIDE APPLICATION: USED IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES LIKE AUTOMOTIVE, AEROSPACE,
AND CONSTRUCTION.
COST-EFFICIENCY: PROVIDE AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION FOR JOINING MATERIALS
WITH DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS.

3. COTTERS AND COTTER JOINTS
COTTER IS A FLAT, WEDGE-SHAPED PIECE OF METAL USED TO SECURE TWO PARTS
TOGETHER. A COTTER JOINT IS USED TO RIGIDLY CONNECT TWO RODS MAKING A
TEMPORARY FASTENING. THE JOINTED RODS MAY CARRY TENSILE OR COMPRESSIVE
FORCES.
TYPES OF COTTER JOINTS
SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT: SLEEVE AND TWO RODS CONNECTED BY A COTTER. IT
IS EASY TO DISMANTLE
1.
SPIGOT AND COTTER JOINT: SPIGOT AND SOCKET SECURED BY A COTTER. IT
TRANSMITS AXIAL FORCE.
2.
GIB AND COTTER JOINT: GIB AND COTTER SECURING THE JOINT. IT HAS BETTER
ALIGNMENT AND SUPPORT.
3.

4. GIB AND COTTER JOINT
SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
SPIGOT AND COTTER JOINT

5. PIN FASTENERS
PIN FASTENERS ARE CYLINDRICAL DEVICES USED TO HOLD COMPONENTS TOGETHER. THEY
CAN BE PERMANENT OR PIN FASTENERS ARE CYLINDRICAL DEVICES USED TO HOLD
COMPONENTS TOGETHER. THEY CAN BE PERMANENT OR REMOVABLE, MAKING THEM
VERSATILE FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS. THEIR DESIGN ALLOWS FOR REMOVABLE, MAKING
THEM VERSATILE FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS. THEIR DESIGN ALLOWS FOR ROTATION
AND ROTATION AND LINEAR MOTION, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL IN MANY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS OF PIN FASTENERS
PIN FASTENERS ARE WIDELY USED IN INDUSTRIES SUCH AS PIN FASTENERS ARE WIDELY
USED IN INDUSTRIES SUCH AS AUTOMOTIVE, AUTOMOTIVE, AEROSPACE, AND
CONSTRUCTION. THEY PROVIDE SECURE CONNECTIONS IN ASSEMBLIES WHILE
ALLOWING FOR QUICK ADJUSTMENTS AND REPLACEMENTS, MAKING THEM INVALUABLE
IN AEROSPACE, AND CONSTRUCTION. THEY PROVIDE SECURE CONNECTIONS IN
ASSEMBLIES WHILE ALLOWING FOR QUICK ADJUSTMENTS AND REPLACEMENTS, MAKING
THEM INVALUABLE IN ENVIRONMENTS

6. TYPES OF PIN FASTENERS
DOWEL PINS:1.
SOLID, CYLINDRICAL PINS USED TO MAINTAIN ALIGNMENT BETWEEN TWO
COMPONENTS.
COMMONLY USED IN MACHINERY, TOOLS, AND JIGS.
TAPER PINS:2.
TAPERED CYLINDRICAL PINS THAT FIT INTO A TAPERED HOLE FOR A SECURE FIT.
USED IN APPLICATIONS REQUIRING PRECISE POSITIONING AND ALIGNMENT.
COTTER PINS:3.
SEMI-CYLINDRICAL PINS THAT ARE SPLIT AT ONE END AND CAN BE BENT AFTER
INSERTION.
OFTEN USED TO SECURE THE POSITION OF OTHER FASTENERS LIKE NUTS.
CLEVIS PINS:4.
CYLINDRICAL PINS WITH A HEAD AT ONE END AND A CROSS-HOLE FOR A
COTTER PIN AT THE OTHER.
USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A CLEVIS TO CREATE A SIMPLE HINGE OR PIVOT.

7. COTTER PIN
CLEVIS PIN
TAPER PIN
DOWEL PIN

8. KNUCKLE JOINT
A TYPE OF MECHANICAL JOINT
USED TO CONNECT TWO RODS
THAT ARE SUBJECTED TO
TENSILE LOADS. IT ALLOWS
LIMITED ANGULAR MOVEMENT
BETWEEN THE RODS, MAKING IT
SUITABLE FOR APPLICATIONS
WHERE FLEXIBILITY IN MOTION IS
REQUIRED.

9. APPLICATIONS
MECHANICAL LINKAGES: KNUCKLE JOINTS ARE ESSENTIAL IN VEHICLE STEERING
SYSTEMS, CONNECTING STEERING ARMS TO TIE RODS FOR NECESSARY ANGULAR
MOVEMENT. THEY ARE ALSO USED IN ENGINES TO CONNECT PISTON RODS TO
CROSSHEADS, PROVIDING FLEXIBILITY AND STRENGTH.
1.
TENSILE LOAD APPLICATIONS: IN CRANES AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT, KNUCKLE JOINTS
ADJUST THE ANGLE OF LOADS DURING LIFTING AND LOWERING OPERATIONS. THEY ARE
ALSO USED IN STRUCTURAL FRAMES TO CONNECT RODS OR MEMBERS,
ACCOMMODATING MOVEMENTS DUE TO THERMAL EXPANSION, VIBRATIONS, OR DYNAMIC
LOADS.
2.
STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES: KNUCKLE JOINTS ARE USED IN BRIDGES TO CONNECT
TRUSSES AND TENSION MEMBERS, ACCOMMODATING MOVEMENTS DUE TO LOAD
VARIATIONS AND TEMPERATURE CHANGES. IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, THEY
CONNECT MOVING PARTS IN PLOWS AND HARVESTERS, ALLOWING SMOOTH OPERATION
OVER UNEVEN TERRAIN.
3.

10. WELDED JOINTS
A PERMANENT CONNECTION FORMED BY WELDING TWO OR MORE PIECES OF METAL
TOGETHER. THE PROCESS INVOLVES MELTING THE BASE METALS AND ADDING A FILLER
MATERIAL TO CREATE A STRONG, CONTINUOUS BOND.
TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
BUTT JOINT: TWO PIECES JOINED END-TO-END OR EDGE-TO-EDGE.1.
LAP JOINT:OVERLAPPING PIECES JOINED ALONG THE EDGE.2.
CORNER JOINT:TWO PIECES MEETING AT A RIGHT ANGLE.3.
EDGE JOINT:EDGES OF TWO PIECES JOINED TOGETHER.4.
TEE JOINT:A PIECE JOINED PERPENDICULAR TO ANOTHER.5.

12. ADVANTAGES:
STRENGTH: PROVIDES A STRONG, PERMANENT CONNECTION.
SEAMLESS APPEARANCE: PRODUCES A SMOOTH FINISH WITHOUT VISIBLE
FASTENERS.
VERSATILITY: SUITABLE FOR A WIDE RANGE OF MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS.
DISADVANTAGES:
COST: OFTEN MORE EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER FASTENING METHODS DUE TO
EQUIPMENT AND LABOR.
SKILL REQUIREMENT: REQUIRES SKILLED WELDERS AND PRECISE TECHNIQUES.
HEAT EFFECTS: CAN CAUSE WARPING OR RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE MATERIAL
APPLICATIONS:
CONSTRUCTION: BUILDING FRAMES, BRIDGES.
AUTOMOTIVE: CAR PANELS, CHASSIS.
AEROSPACE: AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES.
MANUFACTURING: MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT.

13. RIVET CONNECTIONS
A PERMANENT MECHANICAL FASTENING METHOD WHERE RIVETS ARE USED TO JOIN
TWO OR MORE PIECES OF MATERIAL. RIVETS ARE TYPICALLY CYLINDRICAL WITH A HEAD
AT ONE END AND ARE DEFORMED AT THE OTHER END TO SECURE THE MATERIALS
TOGETHER.
APPLICATIONS:
STRUCTURAL STEELWORK: JOINING STEEL PLATES IN BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES.1.
AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING: ASSEMBLING AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES.2.
AUTOMOTIVE: JOINING VEHICLE PARTS.3.
SHIPBUILDING: CONNECTING HULL PLATES AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.4.

14. TYPES OF RIVETS
SOLID RIVETS: SOLID RIVETS ARE MADE FROM A SINGLE PIECE OF METAL. THE END IS
DEFORMED TO SECURE THE RIVET IN PLACE. THEY ARE COMMONLY USED IN
STRUCTURAL STEELWORK, AIRCRAFT, AND HEAVY MACHINERY DUE TO THEIR
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY.
1.
BLIND RIVETS: ALSO KNOWN AS POP RIVETS, THESE ARE USED WHEN ONLY ONE SIDE
OF THE ASSEMBLY IS ACCESSIBLE. THEY EXPAND INTERNALLY WHEN INSERTED,
MAKING THEM IDEAL FOR SHEET METAL WORK, AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS, AND
ELECTRONICS.
2.
SEMI-TUBULAR RIVETS: THESE RIVETS HAVE A PARTIALLY HOLLOWED END FOR
EASIER DEFORMATION. THEY ARE SIMPLER TO SET THAN SOLID RIVETS AND ARE USED
IN CLOTHING, LUGGAGE, AND LIGHTWEIGHT METAL ASSEMBLIES.
3.
DRIVE RIVETS: FEATURING A FLAT HEAD, DRIVE RIVETS ARE SET WITH A HAMMER OR
PNEUMATIC TOOL. THEY DEFORM TO SECURE THE RIVET AND ARE USED IN QUICK
ASSEMBLY APPLICATIONS LIKE CONSTRUCTION AND WOODWORKING
4.

16. WELDED JOINTS
A PERMANENT CONNECTION FORMED BY WELDING TWO OR MORE PIECES OF METAL
TOGETHER. THE PROCESS INVOLVES MELTING THE BASE METALS AND ADDING A FILLER
MATERIAL TO CREATE A STRONG, CONTINUOUS BOND.
TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
BUTT JOINT: TWO PIECES JOINED END-TO-END OR EDGE-TO-EDGE.1.
LAP JOINT:OVERLAPPING PIECES JOINED ALONG THE EDGE.2.
CORNER JOINT:TWO PIECES MEETING AT A RIGHT ANGLE.3.
EDGE JOINT:EDGES OF TWO PIECES JOINED TOGETHER.4.
TEE JOINT:A PIECE JOINED PERPENDICULAR TO ANOTHER.5.

17. WELDED JOINTS
A PERMANENT CONNECTION FORMED BY WELDING TWO OR MORE PIECES OF METAL
TOGETHER. THE PROCESS INVOLVES MELTING THE BASE METALS AND ADDING A FILLER
MATERIAL TO CREATE A STRONG, CONTINUOUS BOND.
TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
BUTT JOINT: TWO PIECES JOINED END-TO-END OR EDGE-TO-EDGE.1.
LAP JOINT:OVERLAPPING PIECES JOINED ALONG THE EDGE.2.
CORNER JOINT:TWO PIECES MEETING AT A RIGHT ANGLE.3.
EDGE JOINT:EDGES OF TWO PIECES JOINED TOGETHER.4.
TEE JOINT:A PIECE JOINED PERPENDICULAR TO ANOTHER.5.

18. ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FASTENERS
FASTENERS SUBJECTED TO LOADS THAT ARE APPLIED OFF-CENTER RELATIVE TO THEIR
AXIS. THIS CAN CREATE ADDITIONAL STRESSES AND CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN AND
STABILITY OF THE CONNECTION.
TYPES OF ECCENTRIC LOADING
SHEAR LOAD: WHEN THE LOAD IS APPLIED PARALLEL TO THE FASTENER’S AXIS, IT
CREATES SHEAR STRESS. THIS CAN LEAD TO SHEAR FAILURE IF THE FASTENER ISN'T
DESIGNED TO HANDLE SUCH ECCENTRIC SHEAR FORCES.
1.
TENSILE LOAD: IF THE LOAD IS APPLIED ALONG THE FASTENER’S AXIS BUT OFFSET
FROM THE CENTERLINE, IT INDUCES BENDING MOMENTS. THIS CAN INCREASE THE
RISK OF BENDING FAILURE OR DEFORMATION.
2.
BENDING LOAD: A LOAD APPLIED PERPENDICULAR TO THE FASTENER’S AXIS
GENERATES A BENDING MOMENT. THIS RESULTS IN BENDING STRESS, WHICH CAN
NEGATIVELY IMPACT THE INTEGRITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE FASTENER AND ITS
CONNECTED COMPONENTS.
3.

19. ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FASTENERS
STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS: NEED FOR STRONGER OR LARGER FASTENERS.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION: ACCOUNTING FOR UNEVEN STRESS DUE TO OFF-CENTER
LOADS.
ALIGNMENT: ENSURING PROPER ALIGNMENT TO MINIMIZE ECCENTRIC LOADING
EFFECTS.
TYPES OF ECCENTRIC LOADING
MACHINERY: ECCENTRIC LOADING IS COMMON IN MACHINERY WHERE COMPONENTS
ARE SUBJECTED TO UNEVEN FORCES, SUCH AS IN ROTATING PARTS AND DRIVE
SYSTEMS.
1.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: IN STRUCTURES LIKE BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS, WHERE
LOADS CAN BE APPLIED ECCENTRICALLY DUE TO IRREGULAR LOADING CONDITIONS
OR DESIGN FEATURES.
2.
AUTOMOTIVE: FASTENERS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OFTEN FACE ECCENTRIC
LOADS FROM ENGINE MOUNTS, SUSPENSION SYSTEMS, AND OTHER COMPONENTS.
3.

20. THANK
YOU