pphistoryofthemicroscope-120725013621-phpapp02.ppt

TIMELINE

1. Short History of the Short History of the
MicroscopeMicroscope

2. BackgroundBackground

The microscope was first built in 1595 by The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans and Hans and
Zacharias JanssenZacharias Janssen (1588-1631) in Holland. (1588-1631) in Holland.

Later, it was perfected in the 17th century in several Later, it was perfected in the 17th century in several
countries, including by countries, including by Robert Hooke Robert Hooke (1635-1703), in (1635-1703), in
England but most notably by a Dutchman, England but most notably by a Dutchman, Anton van Anton van
LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek (1632-1723). (1632-1723).

3. 
Around the 1Around the 1
stst
century, someone century, someone
discovered that looking through a discovered that looking through a
crystal made things look largercrystal made things look larger

4. 
That piece of crystal was called a That piece of crystal was called a
““magnifying glassmagnifying glass” and then later ” and then later
was called a was called a lenslens because it was because it was
shaped like a lentil seed. shaped like a lentil seed.
==

5. 
In the 13In the 13
thth
century century
(1200s) an Italian (1200s) an Italian
inventor made the inventor made the
first eye glassesfirst eye glasses, ,
allowing the wearer allowing the wearer
to have to have
magnification. His magnification. His
name was name was Salvino Salvino
D’ArmateD’Armate. Eye . Eye
glasses were also glasses were also
called called spectacles.spectacles.

6. 
The earliest forms of The earliest forms of
magnification were magnification were
magnifying glasses, magnifying glasses,
usually between usually between 6x to 6x to
10x10x, and were used for , and were used for
looking at tiny insects. looking at tiny insects.

These excited general These excited general
wonder when used to wonder when used to
view fleas or tiny view fleas or tiny
creeping things and so creeping things and so
were dubbed were dubbed "flea "flea
glasses." glasses."

7. 
The microscope The microscope
was first built in was first built in
1595 by 1595 by
Zacharias Zacharias
Janssen Janssen and his and his
father father HansHans in in
Holland.Holland.

8. 
The first compound The first compound
microscopes produced microscopes produced
by the Janssens were by the Janssens were
simply a tube with simply a tube with
lenses at each end. lenses at each end.

The magnification of The magnification of
these early scopes these early scopes
ranged from 3X to 9X, ranged from 3X to 9X,
depending on the size depending on the size
of the diaphragm of the diaphragm
openings.openings.

9. 
1414
thth
century lenses were used century lenses were used
in spectaclesin spectacles

Late 16Late 16
thth
century the Dutch refined the art century the Dutch refined the art
of lens grinding of lens grinding  significant magnification. significant magnification.

1600s – lenses first mounted on permanent 1600s – lenses first mounted on permanent
frameworks (frameworks (so distance could be changed)so distance could be changed)
–Why would this be important?Why would this be important?
To focus the image To focus the image

10. 
Next, lenses were Next, lenses were
paired together.paired together.

These formed the These formed the
earliest earliest compound compound
microscopes and microscopes and
telescopes.telescopes.
–Why would this be Why would this be
useful?useful?
To increase the To increase the
magnificationmagnification

11. Robert Hooke (1635-1703)Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Developed a primitive compound Developed a primitive compound
microscopemicroscope

In Micrographia (1665), he coined In Micrographia (1665), he coined
the word the word cellcell to describe the to describe the
features of plant tissue (cork from features of plant tissue (cork from
the bark of an oak tree) he was able the bark of an oak tree) he was able
to discover under the microscope.to discover under the microscope.

12. Illustration of Cork Cells by Robert
Hooke

13. Using a much improved microscope, with a monocular
eyepiece, a wooden tube, a stage for holding a specimen, and a
glass globe full of water to concentrate light onto it, Hooke
produced marvelous illustrations, which were published in
1667, in his famous book Micrographia, which fired the
imagination of his contemporaries, including van Leeuwenhoek.

14. Robert Hooke’s Cork CellsRobert Hooke’s Cork Cells

15. Illustrations from Illustrations from MicrographiaMicrographia

16. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

He gained much of his He gained much of his
inspiration form reading Hooke's inspiration form reading Hooke's
MicrographiaMicrographia..

Used his new instrument, Used his new instrument,
reaching 300x with a single lens reaching 300x with a single lens
(more powerful than Hooke’s) (more powerful than Hooke’s)
and discovered startling and discovered startling
microscopic things, such as microscopic things, such as
protozoaprotozoa and and spermatozoaspermatozoa, or , or
to discover the microscopic to discover the microscopic
structure of known things, such structure of known things, such
as as fleas and plant leavesfleas and plant leaves..

17. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was
the the first to see bacteria, first to see bacteria,
yeast, and life found in a yeast, and life found in a
drop of pond waterdrop of pond water. .

He refined lens grinding so He refined lens grinding so
that living things could be that living things could be
seen through the microscope.seen through the microscope.

18. 
Then there was little change until the Then there was little change until the
Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

19. Changes of the Industrial Changes of the Industrial
RevolutionRevolution

Standardized partsStandardized parts (which were (which were
interchangeable with other interchangeable with other
microscopes) lead to mass productionmicroscopes) lead to mass production

This triggered a drop in price This triggered a drop in price 
increased access increased access  new discoveries new discoveries
 clearer images clearer images

In approx. 1880 In approx. 1880  modern modern
microscopes were being usedmicroscopes were being used

20. 
With the With the
advancement of advancement of
technology and technology and
improved optics, improved optics,
the the compound compound
light light
microscope microscope
came into being.came into being.

21. Other types of microscopes: Other types of microscopes:
Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope

Developed in the 1930sDeveloped in the 1930s

Allowed for higher Allowed for higher
magnificationmagnification

Used electron beams (instead Used electron beams (instead
of light) and focused with an of light) and focused with an
electromagnet (no lenses)electromagnet (no lenses)

Light microscope magnifies Light microscope magnifies
up to 2000X up to 2000X

Electron microscope Electron microscope
magnifies up to 50000X or magnifies up to 50000X or
higherhigher

Better quality images at Better quality images at
higher magnificationhigher magnification

22. Electron Microscope ImagesElectron Microscope Images

23. Resources:Resources:
http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinv
entions/a/microscope.htm
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/mbi-ws/
microscopes/fathers.html