PPR (Peste des Petits Ruminants)

Introduction, Aetiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Symptoms, Pathogenesis, Post-mortem lesion, Diagnosis, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and control.

1. Peste des P etits Ruminants (PPR) Presented By: Bhuwan Raj Bhatta Roll.No : 03(Three) IAAS, Paklihawa Campus 1

2. Introduction Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is also known as ‘ovine rinderpest ,‘ Goat plague’. It is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of goat and sheep. It is characterized by the fever, sores in mouth, diarrhoea, pneumonia and sometimes death.   2

3. Aetiology It is caused by a morbillivirus ( ssRNA ) in the family of paramyxoviridae , that is related to R inderpest , Measles and Canine distemper. Lineage: I,II,III,IV Destroyed at 50 ° c /60 min Inactivation-   p H <4 or>11 Susceptible to- phenol, sodium hydroxide Incubation period 3-6 days. 3

4. Epidemiology Origin and spread: The first description of the disease was published o n 1940 an outbreak in Ivory cost, West Africa in goats and sheep on 1940 and confirmed on 1972. Pakistan and India on early 1990s (Calcutta goat markets ), 1994 on Tamil N adu finally reaching Tibet on 2007 . 4

5. Epidemiology cont.… Geographical Repartition As of 2017 the disease is present in West africa , part of Central Africa (Gabon, Central African Republic ), East Africa (north of the Equator), the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent including Nepal and Myanmar. Morbidity- 50-90% Mortality- higher in goat (55-85%) than compared to sheep (45-75%) 5

6. Outbreak in Nepal O n 2016 Feb at 18 Bajura , PPR killed almost 3170 goats and on 2016 Feb 20 i n H umla also killed almost 1800 goats. PPR kills over 3000 sheep and g oat in Jajarkot - 2015 6

7. Transmission The virus is secreted in tears, nasal discharge, secretions from coughing, and in the faeces of infected animals . Water , feed, and bedding can also be contaminated with secretions. Since animals excrete the virus before showing signs of the disease, it can spread by movement of infected animals. Virus also present in semen and embryo Offspring can also affected from the infected mother through milk 7

8. Symptoms They are similar to those of Rinderpest in cattle. Hyper acute cases: Hyper acute cases are found dead without previous symptoms. They die with a serous, foamy or haemorrhagic discharge coming out of the nose. 8

9. Symptoms cont... Acute cases at onset 1. Body temperature is high (40.5 to 41 °C) 2. Loss of appetite 3. Depression 4. Ulcers in the gums ( lower), dental pad, hard palate, cheeks and tongue 9

10. Nn Fig- Self auscultation Fig- A rched back (painful defecation) 10

11. Fig- ocular and mucopurulent nasal discharge Fig- sticky diarrhoea 11

12. Fig- inflammation and erosion in mouth 12

13. Fig- Periodontitis Fig- In r ecovery case 13

14. Symptoms contd … Evolution of acute cases: Nasal discharge become mucopurulent and may obstruct the nose Dry coughing develop pneumonia Death occur from 5-10 days after the onset of fever Some animals may recover but the dry, stertorous coughing often persist for some days Pregnant may abort 14

15. Pathogenesis Entry- invade retropharyngeal lymph nodes and mucosa from there respiratory and alimentary tract affected proliferation and damage them inflammation of alimentary inflammation of respiratory lead to diarrhoea, dehydration lead to pneumonia and and death respiratory distress 15

16. Post Mortem Lesion Carcase will be dehydrated with faecal soiling Congestion of the ileo-ceacal valve Engorgement and blackening of the folds in the caecum, colon and rectum(‘ zebra striping’) Enlarged spleen Oedematous lymph nodes Bronchopneumonia 16

17. Diagnosis Based on the clinical signs. Histo -pathological changes in the lungs. B ronchopneumonia with antero -ventral consolidation. Virus can be isolated from lymphoid tissue at necropsy, including lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches and spleen. Blood examination Serological test: AGI PCR ELISA cDNA probe 17

18. Differential Diagnosis Bluetongue Rinderpest FMD Sheep pox Coccidiosis Salmonellosis E.coli C.C.P.P 18

19. Treatment There is no specific treatment, supportive therapy . Symptomatic treatment for diarrhoea and respiratory problem Hyper immune rinderpest serum OTC- 10ml mg/kg b.wt with levamisole 2.5 mg/kg b.wt for 3 days followed by repetition at 3 days interval recommended for secondary bacterial invaders Lemon juice effective against scab formation 19

20. Prevention and Control Disease is prevented in many countries by strict quarantine controls . Introduced disease has been eradicated from countries by compulsory slaughter of affected flocks/herds. Sanitation and hygienic measures Do not introduce of new animal especially from areas where the disease is prevalent Affected isolated and treated 20

21. Vaccine Tissue culture rinderpest vaccine, given at 3-4 months PPR culture vaccine (I.V.R.I)- 1ml s/c annually Raksha PPR- 1 ml s/c Live attenuated RP vaccine protection for one year only PPRV attenuated vaccine commercially available Genetically engineered recombinant vaccine is under trial (OIE, 2002) French attenuated PPR vaccine- immunity for at least 3 years 21

22. THANK YOU 22