PPT-21ST-UNIT 13 ENGLISH LIT S1 2022-2023.pdf

21st century literature from the philippines and the world

1. 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Unit 13: European Literature
UnitObjectives
Inthisunit,youshouldbeableto:
●identifythecharacteristicsofEuropeanliterature;
●distinguishthedifferencesbetweenworksofliteraturefrom
differentliteraryperiods;and
●demonstrateunderstandingoftheevolutionofEuropeanliterature.

2. Lesson 1: Ancient Literature and Medieval Literature (800 BC–1500 AD)
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did ancient and medieval periods shape
today’s society?
Literaturecreatedintheancientperiod(800BC–500AD)wasmostly
influencedbyGreco-Romanculture,whichbecamethebasisforthe
Westernliteraturethatweknowtoday.
TheintellectualandphilosophicalstudiesmadebytheGreeksand
theRomansarethefoundationofEuropeanliterature​.
TheGreeksintroducedallmajorkindsofliterature:tragedy,comedy,
epic,history,biography,prosenarrative,lyric,andsatire.
Theearliestformsoftheseliteraturewereoralinnature.The
RomansalsoadaptedtheliteraryformstheGreeksproduced.

3. OralepicsbecamematerialforHomer’sTheIliadandThe
Odyssey​,whichexpressedthevaluesandimaginationofWestern
humanityandwerealsousedbytheGreeksasmodelsforconduct.
TheIliadnarratestheTrojanWarandthesiegeofTroy.The
Odyssey​,whichisasequeltoTheIliad,recountsthejourneyof
Odysseusattheendofthewar.
AcommonthemeinHomer’stwoepicsisthequestforglorythat
isearnedthroughaheroicbattle.TheGreekscalledthiskleos​,which
means“renown”or“glory.”
AsidefromHomer,majorGreekwritersduringthisperiodwere
Aesop,Plato,Socrates,Aristotle,andSophocles.
SomeofthemajorRomanwritersofthisperiodwereHorace,
Virgil,andOvid.

4. LiteratureduringtheMedievalPeriod(500-1500AD)
MedievalliteraturereferstoworksproducedduringtheMiddle
Ages(500AD–1500).Thisperiodmarkedtheemergenceofthree
dominantcultures:Christianity,Islam,andtheGermanicinvaders.The
literaryformsdominantinthisperiodarehymns,epicpoems,elegies,
ballads,andnarrativepoems.

5. Medievalliteratureisanchoredonthefollowingcharacteristics:
a.Itisfocusedondifferentreligiousbeliefs.Religiousvalueswerenot
universal,andsometraditionswereindirectconflictwithone
another.
b.Itwasconcernedwiththeuseofphysicalforce.Literatureduringthis
periodwasoftenassociatedwithwarandthelifeofcommonerswho
experiencedsufferingduetotheirlords’feuds.
c.Itshowsthelivesofaristocracy.SincetheMiddleAgesisatimewhen
feudallordswereshowcasingtheirpowersthroughtheirarmies,
literatureduringthisperiodshowedthelivesofaristocratsand
knights.
d.Itshowstheinconsistenciesofchivalry,problematizingpersonal
braveryversusgroupneeds,andtheindividualworkingouthisorher
destiny.

6. TheMiddleAgescontributedsignificantlytoliteratureits
memorablecharacters:theeponymousBeowulf,SirGawain,
Roland,Charlemagne,thelostsoulsofTheInferno,andthepilgrims
of​TheCanterburyTales.
Thefollowingareexamplesofmedievalliterature:
a.Beowulf
BeowulfwassetinDenmark,thelandofDanesandSweden,
alsoknownasthelandofGeats.Itwasasupernaturaltaleinspired
byhistoricalevents.Beowulf,theheroofthestory,wasdescribed
ashavingahandgripequivalenttothestrengthof30men,which
enabledhimtoslaymonsters.

7. Justlikeotherheroicpoems,Beowulfexhibitedbrutality,a
commoncharacteristicofitstimewhenraidsandbloodybattles
betweentribesareapartoflife.
ThecharactersofBeowulfarepagansbecauseitwassetin
fifth-centuryScandinavia,aplacethatincludesSwedenandDenmark.
Itwastoldorallybyeighth-centuryAnglo-Saxonsuntilitwas
writtendowninthe12thcenturybyanunknownEnglishpoet.
BythetimeBeowulfwaswrittendown,Christianitywas
widespreadbecauseoftheNormanConquest.

8. Belowisasynopsisoftheepic:
TheepicpoemBeowulfisaboutitsmaincharacter,Beowulf,who
helpedKingHrothgarofDanesinkillingademonnamedGrendel.
Duringtheirhand-to-handcombat,Beowulfsucceededinkilling
Grendelattheexpenseofhisarmbeingrippedoff.
HethenproceedstokillGrendel’smotherwhotriedtoavengehim.
Hejumpstoalakeandfindsthemother’scaveunderneathit. He
slaysthemonsterusingoneoftheswordsinitsstash.Afterward,hegoes
homewithhismenandrulesasKingoftheGeatsfor50years.
Beowulfmeetshismatchthroughadragonthatwaswokenbya
thief.Hefacesthedragonwith11warriors,alongwiththethiefwho
guidedthemtothedragon’slair.Hesucceedsinkillingthedragonbutdies
becauseofhiswounds.

9. b.LaChansondeRoland​(translatedas​TheSongofRoland​)
LaChansondeRolandisanOldFrenchepicpoemtranslatedas
TheSongofRolandinEnglish.
TheprobableauthorofthepoemwasTurold,aNormanpoet
whosenamewasintroducedinthepoem’slastline.
Thethemesofmedievalepicscenterondeedsofheroicfigures.
LaChansondeRolandisconsideredtheearliestand
greatest​chansondegesteorFrenchheroicpoem.

10. Belowisanexcerptof​TheSongofRoland​:
TheSongofRolandStanzaI-II
Forsevenyearstogether,theEmperorCharlemagne,
OurLordandKing,hadsojournedwithinthelandofSpain.
Fromtheuplandtothesea-coasthehadconqueredalltheland
Norwasthereanycastlebeforehimlefttostand.
Therewasnottownnorbulwarkunbrokenbyhismight,
SaveonlySaragossathatstandethontheheight.
KingMarsileheldthatcity,inwhomnogracewasfound
TolovehisGod.HeworshippedApolloandMahound,
Norcouldshuntheevilfortunethatbeleagueredhimaround.

11. KingMarsileofSaragossatotheorchardgothimgone.
Helaidhimdownintheshadowonawhitemarblestone.
AbouttheKingweregatheredmorethantwentythousandmen.
Hiscountsanddukesuntohim
KingMarsilesummonedthen:"Hearken,mylords,howsorely
arewegirtwithsinandwoe.
HerenowiscomeKingCharlemagneourlandtooverthrow.
Ihavenohostofbattletomeethiminhismight,
Norstoreenoughofhenchmentobeathiminthefight.
Aswisemengivemecounsel.
Savemefromthisdeathandshame.
"NonespakesaveBlanchandrinalonefromValFondeKeepthat
came.

12. c.Nibelungenlied​(translatedas​TheSongoftheNibelungs​)
TheNibelungenliedwasaGermanepicpoem,probablywritten
inAustriaduringtheearly13thcentury.
Thestoryhasdisparateelementsbecauseofitslonghistory.
AmongtheseelementsarethewordNibelung​,whichwasusedasthe
nameofSiegfried’slandandtreasureinthefirstpartofthepoem,and
asanalternatenamefortheBurgundiansinthesecondpart.
Ithasthemesofmurderandrevenge.Theepicisdividedinto
twoparts.ThefirstpartrevolvesaroundthelifeanddeathofPrince
SiegfriedofthelowerRhinewhofellinlovewithKriemhild,the
BurgundianprincessofWorms.ThesecondpartwasaboutKriemhild
avengingSiegfried’sdeath.Theirtragicdestinywasrevealedin
Kriemhild’sdreaminheryouth.

13. TheNibelungenliedwasthefirstheroicepicputintowritingin
Germany,helpingtofoundalargergenreofwrittenheroicpoetrythere.
Thepoem'stragedyappearstohavebothereditsmedievalaudience,
andveryearlyonasequelwaswritten,theNibelungenklage,whichmade
thetragedylessfinal.
Thepoemwasforgottenafteraround1500butwasrediscoveredin
1755.Dubbedthe"GermanIliad",theNibelungenliedbegananewlifeas
theGermannationalepic.
Thepoemwasappropriatedfornationalistpurposesandwasheavily
usedinanti-democratic,reactionary,andNazipropagandabeforeand
duringtheSecondWorldWar.ItslegacytodayismostvisibleinRichard
Wagner'soperaticcycleDerRingdesNibelungen,which,however,is
mostlybasedonOldNorsesources.
In2009,thethreemainmanuscriptsoftheNibelungenlied
[1]
were
inscribedinUNESCO'sMemoryoftheWorldRegisterinrecognitionof
theirhistoricalsignificance.Ithasbeencalled"oneofthemostimpressive,
andcertainlythemostpowerful,oftheGermanepicsoftheMiddleAge.

14. Lesson2:RenaissanceandEnlightenment(1300–1800)
ESSENTIALQUESTION:HowdidtheRenaissanceperiodinfluencetheway
peopleseetheworld?
Fromageofwar,famine,andignoranceemergedthelightofthe
Renaissanceperiod.TheemergenceoftheRenaissanceandtheAgeof
Enlightenmentbecamethefoundationofseeingliteratureinanintellectual
perspective.
RenaissanceLiterature(1300-1600)
TheRenaissanceperiod(1300–1600)wasmarkedbytherebirthofthe
Greco-Romanliterarytradition.
Classicalscholars,knownashumanists,revivedandtranslatedancient
texts​.ThehumanistsalsousedtheGreekandLatinclassics,alongwith
traditionalChristianthought,toteachpeopleabouthumanlife.
Humanism,thebeliefthatpeoplecouldattainearthlyperfection,was
rampantamongtheintellectuals.

15. Theprivilegedpeoplestartedtouringothercountrieswiththe
intentionofbringingbackcultureandideologiesfromotherpartsof
theworld.
Eachcountryexperienceditsownkindofrenaissance,a
renewedpassiontowardlifeandcreativeexpression.Thesocial
dividecausedbythefeudalmodeoflivingcametoanunforeseen
haltduringthistimeandmadethemiddleclasshopefulofwhat
theycouldmakeofthemselves.Itwasthetimeofoptimism,for
theybelievedthatlifewasimprovingforthefirsttime.

16. DuringtheEnglishRenaissance,oneofthegreatest
strugglesofartistsandwriterswastheneedtoearnandsustain
themselvesthroughtheircraft.
Talentedandcreativeindividualssustainedthemselves
throughthesystemofpatronage​.
Patronswerepeoplewholavishedmoneyandattention
onartistswhocatertotheirtaste.
OneexampleofthisisWilliamShakespeare,whohad
QueenElizabethandKingJamesIashispatrons,aswellas
WilliamHerbert,theThirdEarlofPembroke,amongothers.

17. Theprintingpress,inventedbyJohannesGutenbergin1440,is
thegreatestinnovationoftheRenaissanceera​,whichresultedina
morecost-andtime-efficientproductionofliterature.
Thisledtoahigherpercentageofliteracyamongthemasses.
Thisinnovationhighlyaffectedpeople’sattitudetowardreading.
Communal,individual,andsilentreadingbecameprominentamong
people.Gradually,theoraltraditionfaded.

18. TheAgeofEnlightenment(1600–1800)
TheAgeofEnlightenment(1600–1800)wasabyproductofthe
Renaissancethatbirthedhumanism.
Thinkingthattheycouldbewhatevertheywantedtobe,
peoplepavedthewaytowardscientificandindustrialprogress​.
Thisperiodcouldbesummedupasthecelebrationofdifferent
ideas.
Thismadethecafésserveastheunofficialcenterofthisnew
movement,aplacewherepeoplewouldreadwhateverliterature
availableanddebateabouttheirneedsanddesiresasacommunityor
apopulation.

19. TheEnlightenmentwasalsothebirthplaceofmanygreat
thinkerswhoputtheirideasintowritingandmadetheirthoughts
availabletohistoriansofthiscentury.
Therationalismandeffortstowardsocialreformanda
utopianandegalitariansocietydieddownasfastasitemerged.
UpheavalssuchastheFrenchRevolutionwasaresultofthe
people’sideathatcollectivelythepubliccancreatechange.
ItwasthebloodshedintheFrenchRevolutionalongwith
otherupheavalsthatmadepeoplereevaluatetheirideasandled
totheendoftheEnlightenmentperiod.

20. LiteratureduringtheRenaissanceandEnlightenmentPeriodThe
followingareexamplesofRenaissanceandEnlightenmentliterature:
a.MuchAdoAboutNothing
ThiswasconsideredasoneofShakespeare’sbestcomediesand
wasprobablywrittenbetween1598and1599.Itwasfirstprintedasa
quartoorabookletin1600andreprintedin1623asapartof
Shakespeare’sfirstfolio.Thisplayinfusedhumorinserioustopicslike
honor,shame,andcourtpolitics.

21. Summary
DonJohncomplainstohiscompanionConrade(Conradin
someeditions)abouthispositioninlife:HeisDonPedro's
bastardbrother,recentlydefeated,withoutpretensesor
mannerlyhabits,facinghisdishonorablestatusdailywhile
enduringhisbrother'shospitality.
Allinall,hedisplaysagenerallydisagreeableattitudeand
seemsdeterminedtomakethemostofit.Hissecond
companion,Borachio,enterstoreporthavingoverheard(noted)
theconversationbetweenDonPedroandClaudiowherein"the
PrinceshouldwooHeroforhimselfand,havingobtainedher,
givehertoCountClaudio."

22. DonJohnimmediatelyseesthisplanasan
opportunitytodomischiefbothtoClaudio—honored
forhisactionsagainstDonJohn—andtoDonPedro.
DonJohnandhismenheadoutforthecelebratory
supper,DonJohnexpressingregretthatthecookisnot
onhissideandreadytodispatchtheassembled
householdandguestswithpoison.

23. b.ParadiseLost
ThisisanepicpoemabouttheFallofMan,whereJohnMilton,the
writer,madeAdam,Eve,Satan,andGodhischaracters.
ItstartedwithSatan’srealizingthathewasinhell,whichprompted
himtomakeaplantospiteGodthroughAdamandEve.
ThestorywentonasitwasintheBible.SatantrickedEveinto
eatingthefruit,andAdamalsotookabite.
TheygotbanishedfromParadiseandhadtoenduresufferingsuch
aslaborpains,sickness,anddeath.
WhatmadethisepicdifferentfromtheversionintheBibleisthatit
discussedmoreaboutthemotivesbehindtheeventsthatoccurredinthe
Bible.

24. Thisepicstoodoutamongitspredecessorsbecauseofthefact
thatitwasnotaboutmartialheroism.Inthisepic,therewasno
mortalherotosaveakingdomorwininawar.
ForMilton,itwasallaboutspiritualheroismorChristian
heroism.ParadiseLostwascharacterizedasanepicpoemabout
patiencebecauseifonlyAdamandEvewerepatientenough,they
wouldnothavebeenthrownoutofparadise.
Itmightnotbeasexcitingasbattles,butfortheChristianworld,
itisaturningpointoftheirhistory.
Thebiggereffectisthatasidefromsin,deathalsoenteredthe
world.

25. c.Gulliver’sTravels
InthisnovelbyJonathanSwift,Gullivertraveledonfour
separatevoyagesandencountereddifferenttypesofsocietieseach
time.EachjourneyisametaphorfordifferentaspectsofBritish
societythattheauthorwantedtocriticize.
Lesson3:RomanticismandRealism(1800–1920)
Duringthe17thcentury,thefocusofindividualshaveshifted
fromrationalismtoafocusonfeelingsandreality.Thisshiftgaverise
toachangeinthethemesofliterarytextsduringthisperiod
ESSENTIALQUESTION:Howromanticismandrealismdefineman’s
perceptionoflife?

26. Romanticism(1800–1850)
Romanticismisaliterarymovementagainstthearistocratic
culturethatstartedinthelate18thcentury.
Romanticismupliftsthecharactersfromhumblebackgroundsor
thecommonmanandplacesimportanceonimaginationandemotion.
TheworksofearlyRomanticswereseenasabsurdandfantastic.
Itwasthenextgenerationofromanticswhowillprovecreativityand
imaginationcanwellblendwithrealityandcomposure.
Poetrywasprevalentduringthistime.Itfocusedmoreonthe
individualityofapersonmorethansociety.PoetryduringtheRomantic
periodfocusedmoreonfeelingsasthecentralideaandexperienceas
itisconsideredas“thelanguageoftheheart.”Poemsduringthistime
showedmoreoftheindividual’sinnermostthoughts,dreams,and
aspirations.

27. Realism(late1800s–early1900s)
Realism,incontrastwithromanticism,wastherepresentation
ofreality.Whileromanticismbeautifiestheugly,realismpresents
thetruthwithallitsflaws​.
Itstrivestopresentthingsasaccurateandwiththeleast
subjectivityaspossible.Itgreatlyfocusedonthefidelityoffacts.
Realismdrawsonthecommonplaceandthedailystrugglesof
thecommonman.Itfocusesondocumentingtherealeventsand
issuesthathappentoordinarypeople.Italsomakespeoplerealize
thatordinarylifecouldalsobemeaningful.
Realismfocusesongroupsofpeopleinthehopeofuncovering
whotheyreallyareandhowotherscouldrelatetothem.

28. LiteratureduringtheRomanticismandRealismPeriod
ThefollowingaretextsfromtheRomanticismandRealismperiods:
a.DebitandCredit
ThisGermannovelbyGustavFreytagwastranslatedintoalmostall
oftheEuropeanlanguages.Thenovelcelebratesthesolidbourgeois
qualitiesoftheGermanmerchantsaswellastherelationshipsbetween
thecharactersandtheirwork.Italsotacklesthegreatproblemofthe
century,theinteractionofmodernindustrialisminthesociallifeduring
thattime.
b.“TheWorldIsTooMuchWithUs”
WilliamWoodsworthwroteagainsttheconsumerismthatcame
withtheindustrialrevolutionduringhistimebecauseearningand
spendingmadepeopleinsensitivetothebeautyofnature.

29. Lesson4:ModernismandPostmodernism(1920–Present)
ESSENTIALQUESTION:Howdoesliterarytechniqueaffecttheperception
ofliterarytexts?
Modernism(early1900s​–1965)
Modernismbeganintheearly20thcenturythroughroughly
1965.TheFirstWorldWarcausedtheformationofanewliterary
movement.Therewasagreaterdemandforallsortsofliterature
becauseofthehigherliteracyrate,whichwasquicklysuppliedbythe
popularpress.
Therefinedintellectualslookeduponthenewpopularliterature
withscorn.Modernismalsochallengedtheprevailingorderduringits
timeandfocusedonexperimentationwhileself-consciouslybreaking
awayfromtraditionalforms.

30. Theliterarytechniquesthatwereinventedduringtheperiodare​:
a.Imagism-referstotheliterarymovementthatfocusedonclarity
andconcisenessbyusingspecificimages
b.Streamofconsciousness-atechniqueinwhichacharacter’s
thoughtsandfeelingsarewritteninanuninterruptedflow,for
example,foregoingliterarydevicessuchasdescriptionand
dialogue
c.Anunreliablenarrator-atechniqueinpointofviewinwhichthe
speakermayormaynotknowthathisorherversionofeventsis
notentirelytrue

31. Postmodernism(1965–Present)
Postmodernismshowsacrisisofidentityofthehumanbeingin
ethnicityandsexuality​,aswellasthestruggleforsocialandcultural
acceptanceinahypocriticalsociety.
Postmodernliteraryworkdoesnotpretendtobenewand
original;rather,itjuxtaposestheoldandthenewtocontextualizeitin
thereaders’minds.
Characteristicsofpostmoderntextsinclude:
a.useofparadox​​orself-contradictorystatement;
b.useof​​fragmentationorincompletenesswhetherinformorin
content;and
c.theunreliablenarrator.

32. LiteratureduringtheModernandPostmodernPeriod
LiteraryworksduringtheModernandPostmodernperiods
include:
a.“InaStationoftheMetro”
EzraPound’spoemisaperfectexampleoftheuseofimagism
inpoetry.Intwolines,thepoemcanshowavisualizationinthe
reader’smindonwhatthepoemwouldliketoshowinjustafew
words.
b.WaitingforGodotThisplaybySamuelBeckettisabouttwo
hoboswaitingforGodotbyasicklylookingtree.Thesettingcould
bestbeinterpretedastheplacewithoutGodot.Itisalsowherethe
hoboscontemplatedandarguedabouthangingthemselves.

33. Thehoboscouldbeviewedasasymbolismofthethievesby
Jesus’sideonthecrossaswellaseverypersonintheworldandGodot
asasymbolismforGod.
Likeacircle,theactionoftheplayalsopresentssomethingthat
keepsongoingandiswithoutanend.Thetragedyofthestoryisinthe
factthatthehobosareunabletowaitforGodotandthefactthat
Godotwillnotarrive.

34. ALiteraryArticle
Goal:Yourtaskistowritealiteraryarticlethatanalyzesaparticulartext
fromacertainperiodofEuropeanliterature.
Role:Youareacontributorofamagazine.Yourliteraryeditoraskedyou
toreadorwatchaparticularliteraryworkfromEuropeandwritea
featurearticleaboutitforthemagazine’snextissue.
Audience:​Youraudiencearethereadersofthemagazineaged15to30
yearsold.
Situation:Thechallengeinvolvesconvincingyourreaderstoreador
watchyourfeaturedliterarytextoncetheyreadyourfeaturearticle.

35. Product/PerformanceandPurpose:Youwillwritealiteraryfeature
articleonacertainEuropeanliterarytext.
1.Choosealiterarytextfromaparticularperioddiscussedinthisunit.
Youmaychooseanygenreyouwanttofeature.Incaseyouchoosea
drama,youmaywatchamovieadaptationofthattext.
2.Writealiteraryanalysisofthetextusingtheelementsofyour
chosengenre.Includeapersonalreactionaboutthetextwithyour
recommendations.
3.PutatitleandciteyoursourcesusingtheAPAstyle.
4.Submityouroutputonashortbondpaper,Calibrifontsize12.

36. StandardsandCriteriaforSuccess:Youwillbegradedbasedonthe
followingrubric.
Criteria
Beginning(0-12points)
Content
Thearticledoesnotestablishaclearpurposeintheleadparagraph.
Organization

37. Developing(13-16points)
Content
ThearticleestablishesaclearpurposeintheleadThearticle
establishesaclearpurposeintheleadparagraphbutlacksaclear
understandingofthetopic.
Organization
Accomplished(17-20points)
ContentThearticleestablishesaclearpurposeintheleadparagraph
anddemonstratesaclearunderstandingofthetopic.