Ppt 7th human environment settlement

THIS PRESENTATION IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR CBSE CLASS 7TH STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND OTHER LEARNERS

1. L WELCOME

2. NCERT CLASS 7 th GEOGRAPHY Chapter- 7 Human Environment-Settlement, Transport & Communication BY Mr. BHAURAO GUNJAL (M.A.M.ED.) TGT (GEOGRAPHY), EMRS, PETH ROAD, NASHIK

3. Introduction We have already learnt that early human beings depended entirely on nature for food, clothing & shelter. But as society progressed, humans learned the art & new skills to grow food, build homes, develop better modes of transport & means of communication. In this way they modify the environment where they lived. Objectives E xplain the relationship between natural environment and human habitation A ppreciate the need of transport and communication for development of the community L earn about the new developments making today’s world a global society

4. Settlements Settlements  are places where people live and build their homes. Early humans depended on nature for shelter & they lived on trees & in caves, but as agriculture   came into existence there was a need for a permanent shelter near the crops. So villages, towns, and cities started growing around areas of river valleys where there was available water and fertile land for agriculture . The place where a building or a settlement develops is called its Site . The natural conditions for selection of an ideal site are – favourable climate, availability of water, suitable land & fertile soil. Settlements flourished & civilisations developed near river valleys, i.e Indus - Harappan Civilization, Tigris –Mesopotamia civilization, Nile -The Egyptian civilization, Hwang-He -Chinese civilization With the development of trade, commerce & manufacturing, human settlements became larger or progressed.

5. Types of Settlements Settlements are of two types:- 1 ) Temporary Settlements - Settlements   which are occupied for a short period of time are called T emporary Settlements . The people living in deep forests, hot & cold deserts & mountains often dwell in such temporary settlements. They practice hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation & transhumance. 2) P ermanent Settlements:- Settlements   in which   people build homes to live in for a long period of time . Permanents are found in villages, towns & cities. People practices agriculture, trade, manufacturing & services.

6. Rural Settlements Rural Settlements:- A   villages   are rural settlement where the people are engaged in agriculture, forestry, fishing, crafts work, and  trading etc. There are two types of Rural S ettlements :  1) Compact Rural Settlements -   A compact settlement in which a  dwellings ( houses) are built close together on a flat piece of land is available. 2)   Scattered Rural Settlements -  are those in which dwellings are scattered or spread over a large area. Scattered settlements are mostly built in  hilly tracts , thick forests, and regions with extreme climates.

7. Rural Settlements The homes in rural settlements are built according to the environmental conditions in the region. For example, houses in rainy areas have slanted roofs and in areas where floods occur frequently the homes are built on platforms and stilts (wooden poles ). In  hot regions, homes are made of thick mud walls and thatched roofs, mostly with local material like stones, mud, clay, and  straw etc. are used to construct houses.

8. Urban Settlements Towns are small and cities are large urban settlements, and in these areas people are engaged in manufacturing, trading, and services. Some of the common problems in urban settlements are overcrowding and traffic jams.

9. Transport It is the means by which people and goods move. Earlier, people moved goods on foot or on animals. But after the invention of the wheel, transport became easier, and with the passage of time, different modes of transport developed a lot. Animals like camels, bullocks, mules, donkeys, llamas, and yaks are still used around the world for transport . In the Andes Mountains of South America, Ilamas are used, as are Yaks in Tibet. Early traders had to travel for months to reach India, but modern-day inventions like airplanes have made it easier to travel long distances. Modern means of transport helps us save time and energy.

10. Means of Transport The four major means of transport are Roadways, Railways, waterways & Airways Roadways:- The  most commonly used mode of transport over short distances is roads, and roads are of two types: M etalled ( pucca ) Road & U nmetalled ( kutcha ) Road There is a dense network of roads in the plains, and roads have also been built in forests, deserts, hilly regions, mountains, etc. The  Manali-Leh highway in the Himalayas is the highest road in the world. Roads built underground are called subways or underpasses and flyovers are roads built over raised structures.

11. Means of Transport Railways:- They are used to carry people and goods over long distances quickly and cheaply. The  invention of the steam engine and the Industrial Revolution  helped in speedy  development of rail transport  around the world. Today, diesel and electric engines have widely replaced the steam engine, and modern-day super-fast trains have made travelling faster than ever before. Railway networks are well developed in the plains, and advanced technology has been used to lay down railway lines in mountains and hilly regions . But those are much fewer in number. The Indian railway network is well-developed and  the largest in Asia .

12. Means of Transport Waterways:- Early days waterways mostly used for transportation. They are the cheapest way to carry heavy and bulky goods over long distances. Waterways are mainly of two types:  Inland and Seaways . Inland Waterways:- Navigable rivers and lakes are a part of inland waterways. For example, the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system in India, the Great Lakes in North America, and the river Nile in Africa. Seaways:- Sea routes and ocean routes are mostly used for transporting merchandise and goods from one country to another, and they are connected to each other by ports. Important ports of the world are  Singapore and Mumbai in  Asia,   New York  and Los Angeles in North America, Rio De Janerio  in  South America , Durban and  CapeTown  in Africa, Sydney in Australia, and  London and  Rotterdam in Europe.

13. World: Major Sea Ports & airports

14. Means of Transport Airways:- They are not only the fastest way of transport in the modern world but also the most expensive due to the high cost of fuels. Air transport is usually affected by bad weather like fog and storms, but it is the only way to reach the remote areas of the world where roads and railways do not go. Helicopters are useful in inaccessible areas and are used in times of calamities (natural disasters) to  save people  and  distributing  food, water, clothes,   &  medicines. Some of the busiest and most important airports in the world are Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, etc. 

15. Communication Communication is the process of sharing/conveying messages to others. With the development of technology human have devised new and fast modes of communication. The progress of communication systems has resulted in an information revolution in the world; communication now provides information, education, and it entertainment. Through  Mass Media  such as newspapers, radio, cinema and television, we can quickly communicate with people anywhere and anytime. Satellites  have made communication easier by helping with exploring oil, minerals, and other resources such as underground water, with surveying forests, and also with weather forecasting and disaster warning.

16. Communication We can easily send electronic messages, voice, and video through the internet and wireless electronic systems like cellular/mobile phones. The Internet not only provides us with worldwide information but also makes our life comfortable, for example, by allowing us to book tickets for buses, railways, airways, cinemas and hotel rooms online. With this kind of inter connectivity of people, services & institutions across the world, we are a large global society.

17. Recapitulation   1)   ______  and  _____  engines have largely replaced the steam engines. 2) Settlements can be  _________  or  _________ .   3)  ________  is the means by which people and goods move. 4)  The  _______  have a dense network of roads .   5) Bus does not pollute the environment. ( True/False) 6) Andes Mountains is in North America. (True/False ) 7)   The satellites have made communication even faster. (True/False) 8) Which Asian country has the largest railway network? 9) Why air travel is so expensive? 10) What are the four means of transport? 11) Which is the highest roadway in the world ? 12) What are the materials used in building houses in rural areas?

18. Thank You !!!