ppt microplastiche ALBERTO FIGOLI as it.pptx

microplastics

1. A. Figoli,F. Russo Institute on MembrQn e TechnoIogY(ITM-CNR), viQP. Bucci 17/ cRende ( CS ), ItQIY a. figoli @ itm . cnr . i t 16septemb er 14:00 - 15: 30 Environment al Nanotechnologies:the issue of micro-nanoplastics-Impact and mitigation measures of micro and nanoplastics WS.III. 1 - TT.II I.D Mitigatio n measure : state of the art NANOINNOVATI ON 2020

2. √ A sia 50 . 1 % √ Europe 18 . 5 % √ North American 17 . 7 % √ Middle East , Africa 7 . 71 % √ LatinAmerica 4 % √ commonwealth of Independent st ates 2 . 6 % Microplastics are microscopic sized plas tics having less than5mmin diameter, a ccording to the NationalOceanic and AtmosphericAdministration(NOAA), fromthe production ofpersonal care products and fragments of larger plastics(eg. degradation ofbottles, food rappe rs, plasticbags etc .) . * The micr PIastics in t he marine envir nments The largest prO ducer OFplastics: Microplasticitselfcan move across the food chai and pose significa nt publichealth issues to socie * Nationaloceanservice ,2017 ● fragmentation that breaks down macrodebris into smalle r micro- nanodebris . (**) ** https://www.grida.no/ resources/6904 ;microplastiche epossibili effetti sull , uomo , ECOSCIENZANumero 1 Anno 2020 . In the marine en vironment, plastics undergo a process of weathering pathways for microp astics

3. The Mediterranean sea is today one of theseas with the highest levels of plastic pollution in the world. According to the report “out of the plastic Trap: saving the Mediterranean fromplastic pollution ” , published by WWF in June 2018 , plastics account for 95% of the waste i n the open sea, on the seabed and on beaches across the Med iterranean. THe micropIastics in tHe marine environments *https://medwet. or g/2019/05/world-migratory-bird-day-2019-plastic/

4. Effects of microplastic s on man potentialrisk: to food insecurity ● and in body systems such as digestive, reproductive and respiratory. The micropIastics in th e marine environments Effects of microplastics Effects of microplastics on marine organisms The effects ofplasticdebrison marine organisms as a resu ltof ingestion include: .gut blockages; .heightened immune respo ns ● rep roductive processes; .other. consequently , the microplastic can potentially cause diseases s uch as cancer ,a malformation in animals and humans , impaired reproductive activity , and reduced immune response . Amajor problemwith microplastic materialis theirability to adsorb other common environmentalcontaminants , s uch as metals ,pha rmaceuticals, personalcare products and others * hTTpS://www.barillacfn. com/iT/m agazine/cibo-e-SoSTenibiliTa/aiuTo-c-e-una-microplaSTica-nel-mio-piaTTo/ ●

5. The micropI astics in the marine environments Type of microplastics (MP) PRlMARY MlcROPLASTlcS They include small pieces of " a material consisting of solid polymer - containing particlesI to which additives or other substances mayhave been addedI and where ≥1% w/ wofparticles have (i ) all dimensions 1nm≤x≤5mmI or(ii)I for fibresI a length of 3 nm ≤x≤15 mmand length to diameter ratio of >3.” NANOPLASTICS (MP) <1mm * http :// www . unoosa . org / documents / pdf / psa / activities /2 018/ pakistanConference / presentations /7- FUNMILOLA — OLUWAFEMI — NASRDA - SEcONDARY Ml cROPLAST They include smallpiece s of pla derived from t he deterioration larger plastic waste both at sea on land. specially manufac tured plastic , such as hand and facial cleansers, shower gels , toothpaste , industrial scrubbers, and pla stic micro- nanospheres , etc. MACROPLASTICS ≥25 mm MESOPLASTIC S <25 - 5mm MICROPLASTICS (MP) <5 - 1mm * Revisited by the author. * https://j ournals.openedition.org/ ** https://www.nurdlehunt.org.uk/ *** Microplastics(MP)for European Chem ical Agency(ECHA MICROpLASTICS —AS —ENVIRONMENTAL— STRESSOR — AND — THREAT — TO — HUMAN — AND — SEA — LIFE.pdf

6. Most micro pIastics contain Organic POIymers wit h chains of carbon atoms: . polyethylene . polypropyle ne . polyethylene terephth alate . polymethylmethacrylate . polyvinyl - chloride ( pvc ) . polycarbonate(pc) . polyamides ( pA ) . polyester ( pES ) The micropIastics in th e marine environments Microplastics materials The fragmentation ofplast iciscaused by a combination of mechanical forces, for example waves and/or photochemicalproc esses triggered by sunlight. PIastics are usu a IIY sYnthesized fromfossiI fue Is,but biomass can a Iso be used as fe edstock. some of micro pIastics are biodegrad a bIe and photodegrad a bIe bY U radiation ,designed to fragment quickIY int o sma II particI es . Fragments from large plastics . Degrad a bIe by Uv R adiation common Microplas tics pellets from manufacturing * http://www.unoosa. org/documents/pdf/psa/activities /2018/pakistanConference/presentations/7-FUNMIL ôLA— ôLUWAFEMI—NAS RD A- MIC R ôpLAS T ICS —AS —EN V I R ôNMEN T AL— S TR ESSô R —AN D — THR EA T — T ô — H UMAN—AN D — SEA—LIFE.pdf Foam from food or coffee c ups Microbeads From cosmetics and Fibres from clothing ● Non-Biodegrad a bIe ● Non-Biodegrad a bIe soaps

7. pellets from manufactu ring ● Non-Biodeg rada bIe Fragments from larGe plastics Microbeads From cosmetics a nd ● Degrad a bIe by Uv Radiation Foam from food or coffee cups ● Non-Biodeg rada bIe The micropI astics in the marine environments Microplastics materia ls PE and PP are the most frequency mat erials in microplas debris, for their specific density that is less than of mari water (~ 1 .02) and maybe located on the surface . some of micro pIasti cs are biodegrad a bIe and photodegrad a bIe bY U radiation,designed to fragment quickIY into sma II particI es. *Hidalgo-Ruz V, GutowL, Thompson RC, ThielM. Microplastics in the marine environment: a reviewof the methods used for identification and quantification. Ênviron sci Technol .2012;46:3060—30 75 . Frequency of occurr ence ofdifferent polymer types in microplasticdeb rissampled at sea or inmarine sediments: common Microplastics Fibres from clothinG soaps

8. ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIES The tertiary treatments included d ifferent filtering(sand and cloth), flotation techniques and membrane processe √ Micro - screen filtration with discfilters ( DF ) √Rapid(gravity)sand filters(RSF) √Dissolved AirFlotati on(DAF) √Membrane bioreactor(MBR) The distribution ofpublications related to mi croplasticcontaminant removalfro 2015 to 2020. The wastewater pro cessing for plastic pollution can be grouped into fo ur main treatments: √ preliminary treatment, √ primary treatment, √ secondary treatment, √ and tertiary treatment or advanced tr eatment. The technoIogies for m icropIastics removaI Microplastics Removal *T. poe rio ,E. pia centin i ,R. Mazze i , Membrane processes for micro pIastic removaI , MoI ecu Ies ,24 (2019),4148 .

9. √Dissolved AirFlotati on(DAF) In DAF, water is saturated with airat high pressure and the pumped to a flotation tank at 1atm, forming dispersed wate The released air bubbles in dispersed water adhere to t h suspended solids causing them to float to the surface, fro where it is removed by skimming. Before the flotatio flocculation chemicalPolyaluminiumChloride ( PAX ) isadde to the wastewater with d osage of40mg/L to enhanc flocculation. Before the DAF, the process is based on CA process. √Rapid(gravity)sand filters(RSF) In RSF, the wastewater isfiltered through a layer of san d. Th sand filter composed of 1m of grav elwith gain size of 3e mm and 0.5 m of quartz with grain size 0. 1e0.5 mm . Apa fromphysicalseparation removing suspended solids , adhesio by microbes removes nutrients and microbes. Before the san filter the process isbased on CAS method. √ Micro - screen filtration with discfilters ( DF ) The process is based on primary clarification, conventional activated sludge (CAS) process and a ter tiary denitrifying biologicalfilter(BAF). √Membrane bioreactor(MBR) The MBRpilot included Submerged Membrane Unit(SMU) and ultrafiltration(UF) process . During the filtration, the water is forced through membranes under negative pressure created by pumps and collected to the separ ate tank. MBRs are the combination of membrane filtrati ons processes with suspended growth biologicalreactors . This combination treats primary effluent conta ining suspended solids as wellas dissolved organic matter and nutrients. Hence the M BR technology replaces secondary clarifiers inCAS systems . The technoIogies for m icropIastics removaI Microplastics Removal * J. Talvitie, A. Mikola, A. koistinen, O. set注l注, solutions to microplasticpollution—Removalof mi croplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies, water Res. 123 (2017) 401— 407 ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIES

10. technology in thisstudy to remove MPs fromwast ewater. The resultis expected as the MBRfilters had the smallest pore sie (0.4 mm ) offor allthe studied filters . case study The average microplasticconcentrations before and after the treatme nts . DF 10: discfilter with pore size 10 mm , DF 20: discfilter with pore size 2 mm , RSF : rapidsand filters , DAF: dissolved airf lotation and MBR: membrane bioreactor. Data isgiven in number of microplastics per liter of effluent 2. MBRgave also the lowest MP co ncentration of the final effluent, which indicates, that MBR is the most efficient √ Micro - screen filtration with discfilters ( DF ) √ Dissolved AirFlotation(DAF ) √ Rapid(gravity)sand f ilters(RSF) √ Membrane bioreac tor(MBR) advantages of MBR: 1 . with the MBRtechnology,MP concentrati on decreased from6.9 (士1 .0) to0.005(士0.004) MPL1 . The MBRtreats primary c larified wastewater w ith much higher MP concentration compared to secondary ef fluent, giving higher removalpercentage than tertiary treatments. The technoIogies for m icropIastics removaI Microplastics Removal * J. Talvitie, A. Mikola, A. koistinen, O. set注l注, solutions to microplasticpollution—Removalof mi croplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies, water Res. 123 (2017) 401— 407 ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIES

11. MT Can be considered as one of the Best Available Technologies(BAT)* by European commission. In the wake of process Int ensificati strategy and the 17 sustainab Development Goals guidelines , Membra science can be identified as a gre technology th at offers a lot of advantag e such as: 1 . the possi bility of integration w conventionaltechnologi es, 2 . Lowcost , 3 . Lowenergy require ment, 4. safety and flexible scaling up , 5 . Good stability and compatibility , 6. High selectivity an d permeability the transport of compon ents, 7. Environment-compa tibility. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov Microplastics Removal Membrane technology(MT) for MP removal *T. poe rio,E. piA centin i,R. MAzze i,MembrAne processes for micro pIAstic removAI,MoI ecu Ies,24 (2019),4148 .

12. Feed Retentate The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov Microplastics Removal A membrane can be defined as a seI ective active barrier for particI es transport between two adjacent phases reguI atingb the specific particIe sizes and the moI ecu Iar weig hts of the components . HoIIoWfiber sphericaI * Figolietal . , polymeric Membranes , Chapter 1 , pp 1 -44 , In Membrane Fabrication , Edited by Nidal Hilal , Ahmad Fauzi Ismail , and Chris wright , CRCpress , print ISBN : 978-1-4822-1045 -3; 2015 what is a me mbrane? MembraNe types: Nano-fiber FIat sheet permeate

13. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov CIassificatio n: symetricor isotropic 人 1 " ion-excha nge non-porousporous and microporou s origin * Figolietal . , polymeric Membranes , Chapter 1 , pp1-44 , In membrane fabrication , Edited by nidal Hilal , Ahmad Fauzi Ismail , and Chris wright , CRCpress , print IsBn: 978-1-4822-1045-3; 2015 . * * Lee et al . , Membrane materials for water purification : design , development , and application , Environ . sci . : water Res . Technol . , 201 6 , 2 , 17 . * * * strathmannet al . , Fundamentals , Chapter 2 , pp . 22-23 . , in An Introduction to Membrane science and Technology , ConsIGLIon AZIonALE DELLE RICERCHE , Roma , 2006 . Membrane materiaIs Morphology 1 state amorp ho us c ry stalline semicrystalline natural artificial inorganic or ganic ( polymeric ) rubbery glassy composite ( with skin 0. 1-0-5μm) organic ( bio - polymers ) Asymetricor anisotropic (lowporosity) Itegral

14. Good electricalproperties Good chemica lresistance stable over a wide range of temperat ures High temperature resistan ce The membrane techn I gy f r micr PIastics rem v Membrane materiaIs POIymers: polyacrylonitrile polypropi lene FIUOROPOIymeRS cellulose acetate polyimide SUIFOne-baSedPOIymeRS polysulfone POIyvi nyIide ne difIuOride (P VDF) High performance i n term of chemica and mechanica sta biity. polyphenyl su lfone polyether sul fone Teflon

15. POLARCLEAN® methy -5-( dimethy amino )-2- methy -5- oxopentanoate CYRENE® dihydro I evogI u cosenone DimethyIisosorbide(DMI) The use of renewabIesoIven ts derived from biomass is of great interest for producing membrane in a more sustaina bIe way ,according to Green chemistry design . The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov Membrane materiaIs SO Ivents: *Bubaloetal.,Green solvents for green techno logies, J ChemTechnolBiotechnol 2015; 90: 16 31—1639 Bio - based soIvents

16. can be describe as a phase separation process : a one-phase soIution containing the membrane poIymer is transformed by a precip itation/soIidification process into two separate phases(a poIymer-rich soIi d and a poIymer-Iean Iiquid phase). FACTORS ● choise of poIymer,choise of soIvent /non soIvent ● composition of casting s oIution ● coposition of coagu Iation bath ● Temperature of casti ng soIution and coaguIation bath ● Evaporati on time ● presence of additives Elps =Evaporation induced phase separ ation vlps =vapor induced phase separation Tlps =Temperature induced phase separation Nlps/Dlps =Non_solvent induced or Diffusion induced phase separation The membrane techn I gy f r micr PIastics rem v Membrane preparation phase inversio n * Figolietal . , polymeric Membranes , Chapter 1 , pp 1-44 , In Membrane Fabrication , Edited by Nidal Hilal , Ahmad Fauzi Ismail , and Chris wright , CRCpress , print ISBN : 978-1-4822-1 045-3; 2015

17. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov Membrane preparati on phase inversion Elps = Evaporation induced phase separation vlps = vapor induced phase separation Tlps = Temperature induced phase separ ation Nlps / Dlps = Non - solvent induced or Diffusion induced phase separation * Figolietal . , poly meric Membranes , Chapter 1 , pp1-44 , In Membrane Fabrication , Edited by Nidal Hilal , Ahmad Fauzi Ismail , and Chris wright , CRCpress , print ISBN: 978-1-4822-1045-3; 2015 . * * F . Russo eta . , Dimethyl Isosorbide As a Green Solvent for Sustainable ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Membrane pre paration , ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng . 201 9. Nlps vlps Elps Tlps

18. ■ PORE SIZE : 0.2-0.4 μm ■ PREPARATION TECHNIQUE: phase inversion ■ Mostly dir ect interception capture at membrane surface . ■ secondary mechanisms of capture. Membrane fiItratio n The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov The application of membrane technology for micro-plastics remov alhas been also studied because membrane is suitable to remove low - density / poorly ■ PORE SIZE : > 0.2-0.4 μm ■ ParticI es retain ed by “ Direct Interception .” settling pa rticles. Membrane fiItration spectrum Membranes Filters * A. Lee et al . , Membrane materials for water purification : design , development , and application , Environ . sci . : water Res . Technol . , 2016 , 2 , 17

19. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov Membrane treatment for MP rem oval Influencing factors and membrane process parameters to be considered for m icroplastic(MP)removalby membrane processes *T. poe rio ,E. pia centin i ,R. Mazze i , Membrane processes for micro pIastic removaI , MoI ecu Ies ,24 (2019), 4148 .

20. The shape of the pIastic particIes af fects their removaI efficiency in membrane watertreatment and can determine the interactio n between other contaminant s or microorgani sms The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov √ Ultrafiltration(UF) √ Reverse Osmosis(RO) √ Membrane Bioreacto r(MBR) The number of microplasticparticles per liter in the final euent of each wastewater t reatment plant *T. poe rio ,E. pia centin i ,R. Mazze i , Membrane processes for micro pIastic removaI , MoI ecu Ies ,24 (2 19 ),4148 . (Data eIa borated from zia iahromi et aI. 2017 and T aIvitieet aI. 2017) Membrane processes for MP removal

21. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov UF, despite abroad mol ecular weight cuto ( MWCO ) range , is less active in removing low molecular weight organic matters. In many cases, UF is integrated into the process , using primary (flotation and filtr ation)and some secondary t reatments as pretreatment stages and used for pre-filtration in reve rse-osmosis plants to protect the reverse-osmosispr ocess. Lowremovale fficiency ofPÉparticles(below15%) was observed after coagulati on, indicating the infectiveness ofthe solecoagulation process with respect to microplasticremoval.However, when the Polyacrylamide(PAM ) was added to enhance the coagulation performance , removalefficiency of small - particle - size P É(d<0. 5 mm ) significantly study of microplasticremovalby coagulation and uF proc for the production of dr inking water The removalbehavior of polyethyl ene(PE)in drinking water treatment by ultrafiltra tion and coagulation processes by using an Fe-based coagulant. It isa low-pressure process (1—10bar)that, using asymmetric UF membranes having a pore size between 1—100 nm. * Ma , B .; xue , W.; Hu , c.; Liu , H.; Qu , J.; Li ,L. characteristics of microplastic removalvia coagulation and ultrafiltration during drinking water treatment . chem . Eng . J. 2019, 359, 159-167 . Membrane processes for MP removal √Ultrafiltra tion(UF) increased from13 to 91%.

22. Reverse Os mosis(RO), is actually used in municipaland industrial water treatment systems to purify water using nonpor ous or nanofiltration memBranes (pore size>2nm)By removing salts, contaminants, heavy metals, and other impurities. It works By applying a high pressure(10—100Bar) to a concentrated wate r solution that forces the water through a semipermeaBle memBrane, leav ing allthe other suBstances essentially in a more concentrated water solution. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov Most ofthe more performant applications ofRO in the microplasticr emovalare oBtained when coupled with mem Brane Bioreactor technology. - FUOUIing - scaIing - Need Of p re-treatment steps √ Reverse Osmosis ( RO ) * http://www.water-rightgroup.com/blog/how-do-reverse-osmosis-drink ing-water-systems-work/ Membrane processes for MP removal Disadvantag es

23. The membrane techn I gy f r micr PIastics rem v schematic rePresentat ion of a MBR Process √Membrane Bioreactor(MBR) In MP treatmen t, the role of MBR is the decrease of solution complexity by the biodegradation of the orga nic matter; this willpermit the purification of MP and i ts further treatment. The process genera lly starts when a pre- treated streams enters in the bioreactor, where the process of biodegradation of organic matter is carried out. The produced mixed liquor is then pum ped along with semi- crossflow filtration system for the separation process. Thanks to the membrane process, th e MP isconcentrated in the retentate stream. Membrane bioreactor(MBR )are systems in which catalysis promoted by biologicalcatalysts (bac teria, enzymes), is coupled to a separation process, operated by a membrane system(generally microfiltration or ultrafiltrati on). *T. poe rio ,E. pia centin i ,R. Mazze i , Membrane processes for micro pIastic removaI , MoI ecu Ies ,24 (2 19 ),4148 . Membrane processes for MP removal

24. The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov The future for MP removal Litter Hunter” , syste m deveIoped by a start-up Green Tech SoIution ( NapIes )… . . drone identify the pIastic and the catamaran coIIect it ( http :// www . greentechsoIution . it / ) NewSoLution foR PLastic RemovaL …..on sPot…and combining with degradation devices WASTE SHARKER (www.wast sharker. com)

25. Thank you for your attention !! for further info rmation: a. figoli @ itm . cnr . i t The membrane technoIogy for micropIastics remov