PPT Philippine Independence Missions.pdf

History

1. Philippine Independence
Missions

2. Immediate Independence
•In 1916, the Filipino people were blessed
with the assurance of independence,
provided that they exhibit the capability to
govern with competence.
•Filipino political leaders were reluctant to
lobby for independence at the height of the
First World War.
•By the end of the conflict, the Filipinos
were confident that they had met the
prerequisites imposed by the Jones Law.

3. Immediate Independence
•An overwhelming majority of Filipino
politicians deduced that liberty from the
United States’ dominion could be
ultimately attained through persistent
political pressure and campaigns.
•Prior to 1918, the clamor for independence
was conducted by means of formal
resolutions delivered to Congress.
•After 1918, a more earnest and resolute
enterprise was undertaken to culminate
American jurisdiction over the islands.

4. The Commission of Independence
•The Philippine Legislature was the legislative body of the Philippines during the
era of the Insular Government. Initially constituting a bicameral legislature with
the Philippine Commission, it was reorganized as a fully-elected, bicameral
legislature comprising of the Senate and the House of Representative.
•This was responsible for the institution of the Independence Commission

5. The Commission of Independence
•The Commission of Independence was thereby established “for the
purpose of studying all matters related to negotiation and
organization of the independence of the Philippines”.
•One March 8, 1919, a Declaration of Purposes for the Guidance of
the Commission of Independence was ratified.
•“To relieve the anxiety of our people which two decades of
occupation have only served to accentuate.”
•Comprising the commission were 11 senators supplemented by 40
congressmen.

6. The Independence Missions
•The monumental Independence Missions were jointly participated
in by the two dominant political parties of the time: the
Nacionalistaand the Democrata.

7. Nacionalistas
Manuel Quezon Sergio Osmeña Manuel Roxas Jose Abad Santos
BenignoAquino Sr. Camilo Osias ElpidioQuirino

8. Democratas
Claro M. Recto Emiliano Tirona Juan Sumulong
Pedro Gil
RupertoMontinola

9. The Independence Missions
•The series of missions argued in favor of the following
fundamental causes:
•The Filipino people view independence from American rule as the
prime course of action.
•Recognition of national sovereignty at the moment of
independence.
•The establishment of firm and steadfast government that
safeguards Filipino interests.
•Total and absolute liberty from the United States of America.

10. First Parliamentary Mission
•Sent in 1919
•Supervised by Quezon, Jose Palma along with 40 NacionalistaParty
members.
•The mission was undertaken at unfavorable circumstances as the
First World War had recently culminated.
•The majority of the Republican leadership was doubtful that the
Filipinos were prepared to govern over their own affairs.
•Ultimately a failure.

11. Second Parliamentary Mission
•Embarked upon on April of 1922.
•The mission was overseen primarily by
the Quezon-Osmeña tandem.
•Was launched to refute the conclusion
presented by the Wood-Forbes Mission.
•President Warren G. Harding intimated
that while he recognized and upheld
the pledge for independence, he was
under an assumptive impression that
the Filipinos may opt to remain under
the American banner.
•No substantial action was committed,
therefore the mission was a failure

12. The RoxasSpecial Mission
•Orchestrated by the new House Speaker, Manuel A.
Roxasfrom 1923-1924.
•The mission was put forward to deliver the Filipino
people’s grievances against the perceived “illegal,
arbitrary and undemocratic” acts of Governor
Leonard Wood.
•Failed to win the sympathy of President Calvin
Coolidge
•He then went on to assure the Filipinos that the
American people would happily accord them liberty
once it becomes evident that it would be of their
benefit.
•Successive missions were sent from 1923 to 1925
but all failed to be met with success.

13. Third Parliamentary Mission
•Pledging loyalty to the “mandate of the people” Quezon, Osmeña
and Rector sailed for the United States to lend assistance to Roxas
and the Resident Commissioners.
•Emilio Aguinaldo was invited to join as honorary chairman of the
mission, but he declined the offer, as was the case in 1922.
•The Parliamentary Mission arrived on May 3, 1924 and happened
upon hearings centered around the Fairfield Bill
•Quezon opted to express support, albeit with a hint of reluctance
to the Fairfield Bill.

14. Fairfield Bill
•A compromised measure which provided for a
protracted transition of power and vested a
number of profound reservations of power for
the United States.
•Supporters are chiefly American entrepreneurs
who have established their means of business
in the Philippine Islands.
•General Frank McIntyre, Chief of Bureau of
Insular Affairs of the War Department is
credited as the author and foremost
proponent of the bill.

15. Osmeña Legislative Committee
•On August 1925, Osmeña journeyed to Washington to confer with
the government and Congress for concrete solutions with regards
to the problem of attaining absolute independence.
•Mainly focused on authority of the executive, legislative branches
versus the powers exercised by the Governor General as the
representative of American jurisdiction.
•Another highlighted issue was that involving the Insular Auditor.
•As for the campaign for independence, the struggle was met with
inconsequential results.

16. Bacon Bill
•Authored by Representative Robert Bacon of New York.
•A reactionary bill which contains designs on the separation of
Mindanao Sulu and Palawan from the administration of an
autnonomousPhilippine Government.
•Sentiment within the Islamic leadership was somewhat in
dissonance. Some expressed their opposition of Independence and
promoted the persistence on American reign on their terriyory,
whereas there were parties that desired to maintain unity and
achieve independence with their Christian brothers and sisters.
•The Coolidge Administration did not commit itself to the bill and
Congress did not display ardent enthusiasm.

17. The National Supreme Council
•Creation engineered meticulously by Manuel Quezon.
•Formation of the assembly commenced in 1926 and lasted well
into the next year,
•Initiated to found a united front comprising of the political parties
to nurture and stimulate the collective effort in the pursuit of
independence.
•Adopted the brilliant, impressive doctrine of the Independence
Commission.

18. The National Supreme Council
•Three Intents of the National Supreme Council:
•Attraction of substantial Filipinos not heretofore prominent in the campaign
for independence.
•Decentralization of the campaign so that the provinces may take an active
part.
•Attempt gradual and peaceful use of political authority vested in the
American Governor-General and the Philippine Legislature.

19. The Quezon-Osmeña Mission
•As the name implies, undertaken by the
eminent Nacionalistatandem in 1927.
•Elaborated on the restoration of trust
and fruitful cooperation between the
Legislature and the high office of the
Governor General.
•Sought to further mend the fissure
conjured by the Wood Regime.
•Saw the installment of one Henry L.
Stimson to the seat of Governor-
General.

20. Free Trade and Independence: The Tariff and
Parliamentary Missions.
•Renewed and amplified interest in granting the Philippines with
autonomy arose after the inimical and crippling implications of
the Great Depression.
•American Interest Groups, the purported “allies” of the
Independence movement:
•Agriculturists
•Patriotic Groups
•Isolationists
•Anti-Imperialists

21. The OsRoxMission
•Penultimate Independence Mission.
•Managed by Sergio Osmeña and
Manuel Roxas.
•Resulted in the Hare-Hawes-
Cutting Act

22. Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
•Authored by Butler B. Hare, Harry B. Hawes and Bronson M. Cutting
•The act established the Philippine Commonwealth as a transition
government for 12 years before being granted independence and total
recognition of autonomy on July 4, 1946.
•Ruptured the Philippine Legislature into two conflicting camps, the Pros
(directed by Osmeña and Roxas) and the Antis (headed by Quezon).

23. Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
•Manuel Quezon compelled the Philippine Legislature to reject the
Act by citing the following reasons:
•The provisions affecting the trade relations between the United States and
the Philippines would seriously imperil the economic, social and political
institutions of the country and might defeat the avowed purpose to secure
independence for the Philippines at the end of the transition period.
•The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to the Filipino
people.
•The powers of the High Commissioner were too indefinite.
•The military, naval and other reservations provided for in the act were
inconsistent with true independence, violated dignity and were subject to
misunderstanding.

24. The Last Independence Mission
•Spearheaded by Manuel Quezon after
objecting the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act put
forward by his contemporaries.
•Succesfullylobbied US Congress for an
independence act, the renowned Tydings-
McDuffie Act.

25. Tydings-McDuffie Act
•Authored by Millard Tydingsand John McDuffie.
•Similar to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, established
the process for the Philippines to attain independence
after a decade-long transition period.
•Provisions were conspicuously similar to those of its
predecessor with a slight revision, a blatant
paraphrase:
•“ultimate settlement as to naval bases and fueling
stations.
•In 1935, under the provisions of the act, the 1935
constitution was drafted and subsequently became
law.
•President Harry S. Truman, in accordance with the
act, announced Proclamation 2695 of July 4, 1946
officially recognizing the independence of the
Philippines.

26. Thank you!