PPT1 Cell Theory, Structure and Function.pdf

Blabla

2. Grading System
GeneralBiologyasaSpecializedSubject:
WrittenWorks–25%
PerformanceTasks–45%
QuarterlyAssessment–30%
Total–100%

3. 1stQuarter TOPICS
•TheCell
ØCellTheory
ØThestructureandfunctionofmajorandsubcellularorganelles
ØProkaryoticandEukaryoticcells
ØCelltypesandtheirfunctions(PlantandAnimalcell)
ØCellmodificationsandtheirspecializedfunctions

4. 1stQuarter TOPICS
•TheCell
ØCellCycle
vMitosis
vMeiosis
vDisordersanddiseasesthatresultfromthemalfunctionofthecell
duringthecellcycle
ØTransportMechanisms
vSimpleDiffusion
vFacilitatedTransport
vActiveTransport
vBulk/VesicularTransport

5. 1stQuarter TOPICS
•BiologicalMolecules
ØStructuresandFunctionsofBiologicalMolecules
vCarbohydrates
vLipids
vProteins
vEnzymes
vNucleicAcids

6. 2ndQuarter TOPICS
•EnergyTransformation
ØATP-ADPCycle
ØPhotosynthesis
ØRespiration

7. Subject Description
•Biology I is a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) Specialized Subject taken in the first half of Grade 11.
•Learners go on a journey geared toward the deeper understanding
and appreciation of life processes at the cellular and molecular
levels previously introduced in Grades 7-10. They will also apply
basic chemistry and physics principles as they examine the
transformation of energy in organisms.

8. Let’s Revisit BIOLOGY as a subject
•Reflectuponyourpastexperiencesduringyourjuniorhighschool
yearswhenyouwereexposedtolessonsfocusedonbiology.
•Ona1wholeyellowpaper,compileacomprehensivelistofthe
biologytopicsthatyoucanstillrecallfromyourjuniorhighschool
education.

9. CELL: THEORY, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
MELC’s
1.Explainthepostulatesofthecelltheory.(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)
2.Describethestructureandfunctionofmajorandsubcellular
organelles.(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)

10. What are CELLS?
•Cells are the basic building blocks
of all living things.
•The human body is composed of
trillions of cells. They provide
structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those
nutrients into energy, and carry
out specialized functions.
•Cells also contain the body’s
hereditary material and can make
copies of themselves.

11. The CELL Theory
•How/in what way can we observe
cells?
Advanced Compound Microscope
Magnification of up to 1000x

12. The CELL Theory
•Who invented the first microscope?
Zacharias Janssen –1600
-Dutch spectacle maker

13. The Scientists behind the CELL Theory
•Robert Hooke
•Antonievan Leeuwenhoek
•Robert Brown
•Matthias Schleiden
•Theodor Schwann
•Rudolph Virchow

14. Robert Hooke
•Advancements in the microscope
were crucial for the discovery of
cells.
•Robert Hooke improved the
compound microscope in 1665.
•Hooke'
lenses and a stage light for
illumination and magnification.Robert Hooke

15. Robert Hooke
•Hooke observed something
fascinating when he examined
cork under the microscope.
•Hooke documented his
observations in his book,
Micrographia.
•He referred to the structures in
cork as "cells" due to their
resemblance to monastery cells.
Robert Hooke’s Microscope

16. Antonievan Leeuwenhoek
•In 1674 Dutch scientist Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek published his
observations on tiny living
organisms which he named
animalcules.

17. Antonievan Leeuwenhoek
•It was believed that
Leeuwenhoek was the
first to observe under his
microscope the structure
of an Erythrocyteof
different animals as well
as a sperm cell.

18. Robert Brown
•One of the leading botanists in
his time, Robert Brown in 1831
was able to compare diverse
kinds of plant specimens under
the microscope.
•He markedly indicatedthat there
is a common thing about them-
they are all composed of cells, and
inside the cell is a dark dense spot
which he termed as the nucleus.

19. Matthias Schleiden
•He is a German botanist who in
1838 concluded that all plant
parts are made of cells.

20. Theodor Schwann
•He is a physiologist and
histologist and a close
friend of Schleiden.
•In 1839, he stated that all
animal tissues are
composed of cells, too.

21. Rudolf Virchow
•In 1855, the third tenet of
Schwann were replaced by the
Rudolph Virchow’s powerful
dictum, Omnis cellulae cellula,
“All cells only arise from pre-
existing cells”.

22. The CELL Theory
•The discoveries made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden,
Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the formulation of the cell
theory.
•This theory can be summed up into three basic components:
(1)all living things are composed of one or more cells;
(2)the cell is the basic unit of life; and
(3)all cells arise from preexisting cells.

23. The CELL Structures and Functions
•The cells are the building blocks of life just as atoms are the
basic building blocks of all matter.
•Each cell contains materials that carry out basic life processes.
•Cell structures can only be observed under high magnification
electron microscope.

24. The CELL Structures and Functions

25. The CELL Structures and Functions
•A cell consists of three parts:
•the cell membrane,
•the nucleus, and, between the two,
•the cytoplasm.
•Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers
and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct
structures called organelles.

26. The CELL Structures and Functions
These organelles perform a
variety of functions like:
•production of proteins,
•storage of important materials,
•harvesting energy,
•repairing cell parts,
•digestion of substances, and
•maintaining the shape and
structure of the cell.

27. The CELL Structures and Functions
The structures and functions of the cell organelles are categorized
into four:
•Manufacturing
(Nucleus, Ribosome, Rough and Smooth ER, Golgi
apparatus)
•Breakdown (Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes)
•Energy Processing (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts)
•Structural Support, Movement, and Communication
(Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Cell Membrane, Cell
Wall, Chromatin)

28. The CELL Structures and Functions

29. The CELL Structures and Functions

30. Nucleus
Function:
•DNA synthesis
(Replication);
•RNA synthesis
(Transcription);
•Assembly of ribosomes
(Ribosome Biogenesis)

31. Ribosome
Function:
•Protein synthesis
•This process involves
decoding the sequence of
nucleotides in mRNA and
assembling the
corresponding amino acids
in the correct order to form
a polypeptide chain, which
ultimately folds into a
functional protein.

32. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Surrounded by ribosomes
Function:
•synthesis of membrane
lipids and proteins,
secretory proteins, and
hydrolytic enzymes;
•formation of transport
vesicles

33. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Surrounded by ribosomes
Function:
•Lipid synthesis;
detoxification in liver cells

34. Golgi Apparatus
Function:
•Modification and transport
of macromolecules;
•Formation of lysosomes
and transport vesicles

35. Lysosomes
Function:
•Digestion of ingested food,
bacteria, and a cell’s
damaged organelles and
macromolecules for
recycling

36. Vacuole
Function:
•Digestion;
•storageof chemicals;
•cell enlargement;
•water balance

37. Peroxisomes
Function:
•Diverse metabolic
processes, with breakdown
of H2O2 by –product

38. Mitochondria
Function:
•Conversion of chemical
energy of food to chemical
energy of ATP

39. Chloroplasts (for Autotrophs)
Function:
•Conversion of light energy
to chemical energy of
sugars.

40. Cytoplasm
Jelly –like substance that
holds the cell organelles in
place;
Function:
•site of many chemical
reactions

41. Cytoskeleton
Function:
•Structural support;
movement; transportation

42. Centrioles
Function:
•Helpers in cell division

43. Cell Wall
Function:
•Nonliving permeable wall
that surrounds the cell
membrane;
•encloses and supports the
cell

44. Cell Membrane
Function:
•Separates cell from
outside; controls what
enters and leaves the cell;
recognizes signals from
other cells

45. Chromatin
Function:
•Provides instruction for the
cell's activities, (growth,
reproduction)

46. Plant Cell vs Animal Cell