𝖀𝖑𝖙𝖎𝖒𝖆𝖙𝖚𝖘 𝕰𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖗𝖎𝖈𝖚𝖘.pptx

Line fault indicator

1. Ultimatus Electricus  

2. LoRa LoRa is a wireless technology that offers long range, low power and secure data transmission for M2M and IoT applications. LoRa is based on chirp spread spectrum modulation, which has low power characteristics like FSK modulation but can be used for long range communications.

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SIGNAL AND THEIR RANGES This diagram shows the various communication signals with their bandwidth ranges in MBps and their distance ranges in meters.

4. MESH NETWORK A mesh network is a network in which devices – or nodes-- are linked together, branching off other devices or nodes. In a partial mesh topology, only some nodes connect directly to one another. In some cases, a node must go through another node to reach a third node. PARTIAL - MESH NETWORK

5. MACAW Multiple A ccess Collision A voidance for Wireless S ystems MACAW  is a widely used medium access control (MAC) protocol in ad hoc network systems. Additionally, it is the setting for many other MAC protocols used in wireless sensor systems (WSNs). The IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS system is received from this protocol. It uses the succession of RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK frames to move information, from time to time before an arrangement of RTS-RRTS frames, in order to respond to the hidden node problem . A successful transmission in the case of MACAW will look like this: RTS from A to B CTS from B to A DS from A to B DATA box from A to B ACK from B to A Request-to-Send ( RTS) Clear-to-Send ( CTS) Data Sending (DS ) Data packages Acknowledgement (ACK )

6. WLFI nodes The diagram shows the Solar modules powering the batteries with the use of the chargers which are protected. This power then goes through the regulators and then to the ADC, LORA radio, and the microcontroller.

7. CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NODES AND RECEIVER With partial mesh, some nodes are organized in a full-mesh scheme, but others are connected to only one or two in the network. Partial mesh topology is commonly found in peripheral networks connected to a full meshed backbone. Partial mesh is less expensive to implement but yields less redundancy than full mesh topology.

8. ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM Advantages of such a system Improved fault detection capabilities Reduced duration of power outages Reduction of technical and commercial losses in power systems Increased efficiency in line maintenance Little to no cost for line patrol Better security with encrypted data Ability to compare and analyze acquired data via an interconnected database