Practical flowering plant taxonomy all families

Monocotyledoneae, Monochlamydeae, Archichlamydeae, Sympetalae

2. Vegetative characters:
Root system: adventitious.
Stem: Angeled.
Leaves: Linear with parallel venation, closed sheathing base.
Floral characters:
Spike inflorescence.
Trimerous florets.
Perianth: absent.
Androecium: 3 stamens, versatile anthers.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 3 carpels, 1 locule, basal
placentation, 3- feathery stigma.

4. Vegetative characters:
Root system: adventitious.
Stem: culm-like.
Leaves: linear leaves with parallel venation,
opened sheathing base, ligule,2 auricles.
Floral characters:
Spike inflorescence.
Trimerous florets.
Perianth: may be absent or present (2 lodicules).
Androecium: 3 stamens, versatile anthers.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal
placentation, 2 feathery stigma.

6. Vegetative characters:
Root system: adventitious fiberous.
Stem: Unbranched.
Gross morphology: tiller.
Leaves: Crown-like with parallel venation.
Floral characters:
Spadix inflorescence.
Trimerous unisexual flower.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla.
Androecium: 6 stamens.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 3 carpels, apocarpous, basal
placentation.

8. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with parallel venation, ochreate stipules.
Root system: adventitious.

Floral characters:
Trimerous flower.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Androecium: 6 stamens.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation.

10. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: succulent with parallel venation.
Root system: adventitious.

Floral characters:
Trimerous flower.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, 6 tepals.
Androecium: 6 stamens, introse anthers.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation.

12. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: Equitant with parallel venation.
Stem: Subterranean stem (bulb, rhizome, corm).
Root system: adventitious.

Floral characters:
Trimerous flower.
Two bracts present.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, 6 tepals,
gamotepalous.
Androecium: 3 epitepalous stamens, extrose anthers.
Gynoecium: Inferior ovary, 3 carpels, syncarpous, 3 locules,
axile placentation.

14. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: radical with parallel venation.
Stem: subterranean stem (bulb or rhizome).
Root system: adventitious fiberous.

Floral characters:
Trimerous flower.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, 6 tepals,
gamotepalous.
Androecium: 6 epitepalous stamens, introse anthers
Gynoecium: Inferior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation.

16. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with parallel coastal venation.
Stem: subterranean (rhizome), pseudo-aerial stem.
Root system: adventitious.

Floral characters:
Spadix inflorescence.
Trimerous flower.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla (6 tepals).
Androecium: 5 fertile stamens.
Gynoecium: Inferior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation.

18. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with parallel venation.
Root system: adventitious.

Floral characters:
Trimerous flower.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Androecium: 6 stamens, only 1 anther lobe fertile, the others
metamorphosed into petals.
Gynoecium: Inferior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation, petaloid style.

21. Vegetative characters:
Buds: winter; protected with scaly leaves
Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Inflorescence: catkin, dioecious.
Flower: Unisexual.
Perianth: absent (naked flower), one or more glands present.
Androecium: 2-many stamens (male flower).
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2-4 carpels, 1 locule, parietal
placentation (female flower).

23. Vegetative characters:
Stinging hairs present.
Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Dense small green cymose inflorescence.
Unisexual flowers.
Pentamerous or tetramerous flower.
Perianth is undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
5 or 4 antiposed stamens (male flower).
Superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal placentation (female
flower).

25. Vegetative characters:
Milky juice present.
Leaves: simple with reticulate venation, large stipules.

Floral characters:
Inflorescence: catkin, monoecious or dioecious.
Flower: Tetramerous, Unisexual.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
Androecium: 4 antiposed stamens (male flower).
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 1 locule, apical
placentation (female flower).

27. Vegetative characters:
Stem: nodded, swollen nodes, dichotomously branched.
Leaves: opposite with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous or tetramerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: Petals are polypetalous, claw & limb,
caryophyllaceous.
Androecium: 8, 10 stamens.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2-5 carpels, 2-5 locules basally, 1
locule apically, axile placentation basally, free central apically,
free styles 2-5, androgynophore present.

29. Vegetative characters:
Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Colored bract.
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, petaloid.
5-8 stamens, connate.
Superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal placentation.

31. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Inflorescence: Dense small green cymose.
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
Androecium: 5 antiposed stamens.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2-3 carpels, 1 locule, basal
placentation.

33. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: dissected with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx: posterior sepal may form spur, colored.
Corolla: polypetalous, may be 2 united inside the spur.
Androecium: Numerous stamens, may be 15, spirally
arranged.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, apocarpous, may be 1 carpel, 1
locule, marginal placentation.

36. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate venation.
Aromatic odour present.

Floral characters:
Flower: Trimerous.
Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, petaloid.
Androecium: 12 stamens in 4 whorles, innermost staminodes,
the third whorl bearing a pair of basal glandular
protuberances.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal
placentation.

38. Vegetative characters:
Hispid plant.
Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Tetramerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx: two caducous (falling early) sepals.
Corolla: polypetalous, crumbled(duntellate-shape) petals.
Androecium: numerous free stamens.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 2-∞ carpels, 1 locule, parietal
placentation, capitate stigma.

40. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: clasping with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Inflorescence: Corymboracemose.
Flower: Tetramerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, each differentiated into claw and limb.
Androecium: 6 stamens, tetradynamous.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, false septum,
parietal placentation.

42. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, imbericate descending, papilionaceous
corolla(standard,wings, keel).
Androecium: 10 stamens, united diadelphous 1,(9).
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal
placentation.

44. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, imbericate ascending.
Androecium: 5-10 stamens.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal
placentation.

46. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Inflorescence: Head-like.
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: poly- or gamopetalous.
Androecium: 5-∞ free stamens.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal
placentation.

48. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous.
Androecium: numerous stamens.
Gynoecium: inferior ovary, 2-5 carpels, 2-5 locules, axile
placentation, free style 2-5.

50. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx: sepals with 2 or 1 external glands.
Corolla: polypetalous.
Androecium: 10 stamens connate at base, obdiplostemony.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation.

52. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: peltate with reticulate multicostate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx: posterior 3 sepals united forming spur, colored.
Corolla: polypetalous, the 3 anterior differentiated into claw
& limb with corona.
Androecium: 8 stamens, obdiplostemony.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation.

54. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate venation.
Characteristic odour.
Floral characters:
Flower: Tetra- or pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous.
Androecium: 8, 10, (∞) stamens, obdiplostemonous
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 4, 5, ∞ carpels, 4, 5, ∞ locules,
axile placentation, basal gland.

56. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: compound with 3 obcordate leaflets with reticulate
venation.
Plant with sour juice.

Floral characters:
Fower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, coalescent, contorted.
Androecium: 10 stamens connate at base (short
monadelphous), obdiplostemonous
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 5 carpels, 5 locules, axile
placentation, free styles, stigma divided.

58. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate multicostate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, contorted (clockwise/anticlockwise).
Androecium: numerous stamens, united forming incomplete
monadelphous staminal tube.
Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 5 carpels, 5 locules, axile
placentation, red ovules. Androgynophore present.

60. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate multicostate venation.
Presence of mucilage.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, contorted (clockwise/anticlockwise) .
Androecium: numerous stamens, united forming complete
monadelphous staminal tube.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 10 carpels, 10 locules, axile
placentation.

62. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate multicostate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous, contorted (clockwise/anticlockwise) .
Androecium: numerous stamens, united polyadelphous.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 5 carpels, 5 locules, axile
placentation, red ovules.

64. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx: sepals appendiculate.
Corolla: polypetalous, the anterior one forming spur .
Androecium: 5 stamens, connate anthers, appendiculate, the
2 anterior stamens with long filaments inside the spur.
Gynoecium: superior ovary, 3 carpels, 1 locule, parietal
placentation.

66. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Flower: Tetramerous or pentamerous .
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous.
Androecium: numerous stamens.
Gynoecium: inferior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile
placentation, single style.

68. Vegetative characters:
Leaves: dissected with reticulate venation.
Characteristic odour.

Floral characters:
Flower: Pentamerous.
Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Corolla: polypetalous.
Androecium: 5 stamens.
Gynoecium: inferior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, apical
placentation, apical gland, stlopodium, 2 free styles.

71. Vegetative characters:
Leaves opposite or whorled with reticulate venation.
Latex present.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube, contorted
aestivation
5 epipetalous stamens, closing the corolla, hairy.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation, (may
be apocarpous), basal glandular disc is present.

73. Vegetative characters:Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube.
5 epipetalous stamens, 4 fertile and 1 sterile (staminode).
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation, basal
glandular disc, bifid stigma.

75. Vegetative characters:
Leaves with reticulate venation.
Hispid plant (with stiff hairs).

Floral characters:
Cymose, monochasial, helicoid inflorescence (Boragoid
inflorescence).
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube.
5 epipetalous stamens.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 4 locules, false septum, axile
placentation, gynobasic style, bifid stigma.

77. Vegetative characters:
Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube, induplicate
corolla.
5 epipetalous stamens, hairy at base.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation, basal
glandular disc, bifid stigma.

79. Vegetative characters:
Asymmetric base of leaf blade.
Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube .
5 epipetalous stamens.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation,
swollen placenta, oblique position of ovary, green capitate
sticky stigma.

81. Vegetative characters:
Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube .
5 epipetalous stamens.
Superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile placentation, 3-
branched stigma.

83. Vegetative characters:
Parasitic plant (root-root parasite), no chlorophyll.
Leaves scale-like.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx is gamosepalous, 2-5 sepals.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube, bilabiate, ((2),
(3)).
4 epipetalous stamens, didynamous.
Superior ovary, 4 carpels, 1 locule, parietal placentation, bifid
stigma.

85. Vegetative characters:
Leaves opposite decussate, with reticulate venation.
Angled square stem.

Floral characters:
Mixed inflorescence (verticellate inflorescence).
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Calyx is gamosepalous, bilabiate, (1,(4)) or ((3),(2)).
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube, bilabiate, ((4),1)
or ((2),(3)). Two or 4 epipetalous stamens, didynamous.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 4 locules, false septum, axile
placentation, basal glandular disc, gynobasic style, bifid stigma.

87. Vegetative characters:
Leaves opposite decussate or superposed, with reticulate
venation.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming curved corolla tube.
4 epipetalous stamens, didynamous.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation.

89. Vegetative characters:
Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube, (may be
personate, bilabiate, spur may be present)
4 epipetalous stamens, didynamous.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation,
swollen placenta, (carpels may be unequal)

91. Vegetative characters:
Leaves opposite decussate or superposed, with reticulate
venation.

Floral characters:
Bract and 2 bracteoles are present
Pentamerous flower.
Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube.
4 epipetalous stamens, didynamous.
Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation, 1 ovule
in each locule.