Pragmatics Presentationnnnnnnnnnnnnn.pdf

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Ajeng Junia ilhan (1209622014)
Deuis nisrina bestari (1209622033)
PRAGMATICS : CONTEXT ANDPRAGMATICS : CONTEXT AND
IMPLICATURE (CONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURE (CONVERSATIONAL
ANALYSIS AND MAXIMS)ANALYSIS AND MAXIMS)
HIGHSCORE 2500

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MORRIS DEFINED PRAGMATICS AS “THE
STUDY OF THE RELATION OF SIGNS TO
INTERPRETERS” (1938, P. 6). IN
MODERN LINGUISTICS, PRAGMATICS IS
BROADLY DEFINED AS THE STUDY OF
LANGUAGE USE IN CONTEXT.
DEFINITIONDEFINITION

3. Context in pragmatics refers to the circumstances surrounding
language that shape its meaning. In other words, context can affect
meaning and sentences that are interpreted in certain situations,
There are four types of context :
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CONTEXTCONTEXT

Social context

Social context is the term for the relationship between a speaker and an
audience. for example, when you speak To your friend, "I do hereby humbly
request that you might endeavor
to telephone me with news of your arrival at your domicile when such
arrival occurs."
Better: Call me when you get home.

4. I want that book.
(accompanied by pointing)
Be here at 9:00 tonight.
(place/time reference)
physical context
Physical context refers to
the setting of a
conversation, such as
objects or things, place and
time, what's going around,
etc. for example:
1.
2.
Epistemic Context

Epistemic context
refers to the
background knowledge
shared by a speaker
and his or her
audience, such as who
is president or the
basic rules of
basketball.

5. If my mom heard you talk like that, she’d wash your mouth out
with soap!
Linguistic Context

Linguistic context refers to the information that has already been
shared in the discussion including all antecedents, topics of
conversation, and intonations. For example :
1.
2. Linda came home late yesterday. She thought nobody would
notice.

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The nation of Implicatures is introduced by
Paul Herbert Grice in 1975. He observed that in
conversations 'What is meant' goes often beyond
'What is said' and that this additional meaning
is inferred and predictable.Thus, implicature
in Grice's definition implies that unstated
information is conveyed to an audience that is
able to work out what is being said by
reference to cultural or linguistic maxims.
Grice's theory of implicature includes two main kinds
of implicature which he calls conversational
implicature and conventional implicature.
IMPLICATUREIMPLICATURE

7. Conversational implicatures are
tied to particular words and
phrases in an utterance.
Conversational implicatures
depend on a wide range of
contextual information
including information about the
participants and their
relationship with each other.

Conversational implicatures
demand to make our utterances
coherent, clear and orderly.

Example: a mother says to her daughter who is about to
go to the beach:
'Better put some sunscreen on before you go.'
From this we understand: 'It is hot and sunny outside,
so you might get sunburned '.
CONVERSATIONALCONVERSATIONAL
IMPLICATUREIMPLICATURE

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1. the maxim of Quantity:
- Make your contribution as
informative as required.
- Do not make your
contribution more informative
than is required.
Ex: It may be raining.
It implies that the speaker
does not know whether it is
raining or not.
Grice conforms conversational implicatures to four
maxims of conversation also known as the gricean
maxims
2. the maxim of Quality:
- Do not say what you
believe to be false.
- Do not say that for which
you lack evidence.
Ex: I am out of petrol.
The reply is: Ex: There is a
garage round the corner.
It implies that the garage
may be open.

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3. the maxim of Relation:
Be relevant, make your
contribution relevant.
(A) Can I borrow ten
dollars?
(B) My purse is in the hall
( the implicature : Yes)
A's assumption is that B's
reply is intended to be
relevant that allows the
inference (Yes).
4. the maxim of Manner:
- Avoid obscurity of
expression.
- Avoid ambiguity.
- Be clear,brief and
orderly.
Ex: He cocked the chicken
then he ate it. The
implicature here is that
one can't eat the chicken
unless he cooks it.
i
GRICE'S MAXIMS ARE STATEMENTS THAT EXPRESS A RULE OF CONDUCT;
HOWEVER, THESE CONDUCTS ARE OFTEN BROKEN DURING COMMUNICATION.
NAMELY BY BEING EITHER VIOLATED OR FLOUTED.
H

10. VIOLATINGVIOLATING
MAXIMSMAXIMS
.
When Grice's Maxims are violated, they have
been broken surreptitiously (secretly) or
covertly (undercover). This means that
others involved in the conversation are
unaware that a Maxim has been broken.
C
THE MOST COMMON MAXIMS THAT GET VIOLATED ARE
THE MAXIM OF QUALITY AND THE MAXIM OF QUANTITY.
MAXIM OF QUALITY IS VIOLATED WHEN AN
INDIVIDUAL PURPOSELY TELLS A LIE.
EXAMPLE:
(CONTEXT: AYA AND BO MET ONLINE. AYA
LIVES IN VANCOUVER. BO LIVES IN
OTTAWA.)
AYA: WHERE DID YOU SAY YOU LIVE AGAIN?
BO: I LIVE IN OTTAWA.
AYA: SO HOW IS OTTAWA? DO YOU LIKE IT?
BO: I LIVE IN TORONTO.
AYA: WAIT, WHAT? YOU TOLD ME YOU LIVED
IN OTTAWA JUST A FEW SECONDS AGO!

MAXIM OF QUANTITY IS VIOLATED WHEN AN
INDIVIDUAL SECRETLY WITH HOLDS
INFORMATION THAT SOMEONE ELSE WANTS
TO KNOW.
FOR INSTANCE, IF SOMEONE ASKS, “DO
YOU HAVE A WATCH?” AND YOU RESPOND,
“YES, I DO,” YOU ARE VIOLATING THE
FIRST MAXIM OF QUANTITY: YOU ARE
BEING LESS INFORMATIVE THAN IS
REQUIRED. HE OR SHE PROBABLY WANTS TO
KNOW THE TIME.

11. FLOUTINGFLOUTING
MAXIMSMAXIMS
Flouting Grice's Maxims is a lot more common
than violating maxims and is usually
considered more acceptable. When Grice's
Maxims are being flouted, it should be
apparent to all those concerneD.

LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT SOME OF THE DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH THE
MAXIMS ARE OFTEN FLOUTED.
Maxim of Manner is flouted when
speakers use many big words and
technical jargon that they know
their listeners won't understand.

Maxim of relATION is flouted when
someone pretends to mishear what
has been said to change the
conversation.
Maxim of Quantity is flouted when
someone does not answer a question
in full, usually to be obtuse or
even annoying.
Maxim of Quality is flouted when
someone is being ironic.

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13. https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-
pragmatics.htm
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REFERENCESREFERENCES
https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/english/p
ragmatics/conversational-implicature/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351368064
https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/english/p
ragmatics/grices-conversational-maxims/

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