PRAMANA SHASTRA: The Indian Epistemology

PRAMANA Shashtra: The Indian Epistemology

1. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 1

2. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 2 Total number of Teaching hours: 230 Lecture hours (LH) - Theory 90 Hours, Paper I 45 Hours Paper II 45 Hours Non-Lecture hours (NLH) – Theory 140 Hours Paper I 70 Hours Paper II 70 Hours

3. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 3 Pariksha 1.1.Definition, Significance, Necessity and Use of Pariksha . 1.2.Definition of Prama , Aprama , Prameya , Pramata , Pramana . 1.3.Significance and importance of Pramana , Enumeration of Pramana according to different schools of Philosophy. 1.4.Four types of methods for examination in Ayurveda ( Chaturvidha - Parikshavidhi ), Pramana in Ayurveda. 1.5.Subsudation of different Pramanas under three Pariksha . 1.6.Practical application of methods of examination ( Parikshavidhi ) in Nidana and Chikitsa .

4. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 4 1.1.Definition, Significance, Necessity and Use of Pariksha . PARIKSHA The word ‘ Pariksha ’ derived from the root ‘ iksh ’ which means- ‘to view, to consider, to examine’ with the preposition ‘ Pari ’ fixed before the root which means ‘from all sides’. Thus ‘ Pariksha ’ means ‘viewing or examining an object from all sides ’. “परीक्ष्यतेव्यवस्थाप्यते वस्तुस्वरूप मनयेतत परीक्षा प्रमाणा तन” Ch.Su.11/17 Chakrapani . Through which ‘ vastu swarupam ’ gets established is said as Pariksha or Pramana . Pariksha are the diagnostic tool that helps to diagnose the Vyadhi of the Rogi .

5. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 5 SIGNIFICANCE, NECESSITY AND USE OF PARIKSHA Pariksha Prayojana : परीक्षायास्तुखलुप्रयोजनंप्रततपति ज्ञानम्| प्रततपति नााम यो तवकारो यथा प्रततपिव्यस्तस्य तथा ऽनुष्ठान ज्ञानम्||१३२|| Ch.vi.8/132 ( प्रततपिव्य इतत अनुष्ठानेन योजतयतव्यः - Chakrapani ) Purpose of this examination is to obtain knowledge regarding the line of treatment that should be adopted with a view to correcting the morbidity . 2. ‘ Pariksha ’ is helpful in establishing ‘ Siddhantha’s : तिद्धान्तो नाम ि यः परीक्षकै र्ाहुतविंपरीक्ष्य हेतुतिश्च िाितयत्वा स्थाप्यतेतनणायः| Ch.vi.8/37 A demonstrated truth established after several examinations and reasonings is known as Siddhanta . 3. Importance of Pariksha Prior to Chikitsa : रोगमादौ परीक्षेत ततोऽनन्तरमौषिम्| ततः कमातिषक्पश्चाज्ज्ज्ञानपूवंिमाचरेत्||२०|| Ch.su.20/20 A physician should first of all diagnose the disease and then he should select proper medicine. Thereafter, he should administer the therapy applying the knowledge of the science of medicine . …. नापरीतक्षतमतितनतवशेत् …च. िू . ८ / २७ One should not indulge in any activity without proper examination.

6. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 6 4. Parkisha sat and Asat : 5. Chaturvidha pariksha Pratyaksha , Anumana , Aaptopdesha , Yukti Pratyaksha : Direct observation Anumana : Inferential Aaptopdesha : Authoritative instruction Yukti : Experimental evidence

7. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 7 PRATYAKSHA: (DIRECT OBSERVATION) Substances perceived by the self or through the sense organs may be included under direct observation. E.g. Sukha , Dukha , Icchha , Dwesha etc. are felt by the individual and Shabda etc. are perceived by the help of sense organs. Physician desirous of examining the specific findings of disease in a patient can do with the help of Pratyaksha pariksha by using his sense organs FINDINGS DETECTED BY SENSE OF HEARING (SHRAVANENDRIYA): Aantrkoojnam (gurgling sound in the abdomen) Sandhispootnam (Crepitation in big and small joints) Swaravishesha (Voice of patient) Shareeropgata Shabda (Other abnormal sounds produced in various diseases like Hikka , Swasa , kasa etc .

8. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 8 FINDINGS DETECTED BY SENSE OF SIGHT (NETRENDRIYA): Colour , shape, measurement and complexion ( Varna samsthana pramana chaya Shareera prakruti vikaro ).Natural & unnatural changes in body ( Chaanya nuktani taani ). Other findings examined visually like signs of the disease, lusture and other Abnormalities. In case of Mrutbhakshanaja pandu Shoona gandakshi koot bhruhu is told which is perceivable by netrendriya FINDINGS DETECTED BY SENSE OF SMELL (GHRANENDRIYA): Normal and abnormal smells of the whole body may be detected by organ of smell ( Gandhastu khalu sarwa shareera gatanaam ) FINDINGS DETECTED BY SENSE OF TOUCH (SPARSHNENDRIYA): Normal and abnormal findings of skin may be observed by hand (Sparsham cha panina prakruti vikruti yuktam ) e.g. in context of Kaphaja shotha the features of the shotha are told which can be perceived by Sparshnendriya (Prashmo nipidito na ch unmedra )

9. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 9 FINDINGS DETECTED BY SENSE OF TASTE (RASNENDRIYA): Now a day as well as in ancient days it was very difficult to implement this Pramana practically. So, indirect method of Rasnendriya pariksha has been given by noting the behaviour of insects like ants, flies , lice etc .

10. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 10 ANUMANA: Anumana is the inferential knowledge. Agni: Jarana shaktya Balam : Vyayama shaktya Shrotradini : Shabdadya artha grahanena Mano: Mano artha vyabhicharnena Vigyanama : Vayvasayayena Medha : Grahanena Rajaha : Sangena Moha : Moham vigyanena Smriti : Smarnena Krodha : Krodham abhidrohena Vaya : Kaala Harsham : Harshama amodena

11. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 11 AAPTOPDESHA: The preaching of the Aapta purusha is called as Aaptopdesha . Ayurveda has insisted that the information about patient illness also comes under Aaptavachana . Some factors which comes under Aaptopdesha parikshya bhava. YUKTI: Recognition of Yukti as a source of valid knowledge is the peculiarity of Ayurveda YUKTI helps in diagnosing the clinical features of a patient based upon Dosha , Dhatu , Agni, and Bala . From today’s point of view Yukti pramana as a tool for pariksha can be implemented on the basis of use of instruments for the diagnosis e.g. Stethoscope: helps in auscultation ECG: helps to diagnose cardiac disorders EEG: helps to diagnose brain disorders

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13. PRAMANA 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 13

14. PRAMANA synonyms Upalabdhih The means to obtain [real knowledge] Saadhanam The thing used to get[real knowledge] Jnjaanam Knowledge Pareeksha Examination Pramana The instrument for real knowledge 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 14

15. Components of P ramana Mana : Instrument of valid knowledge Mata: Knower Meya : Topic of understanding Miti : The measured knowledge 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 15

16. PRAMEYA The vishaya of the prama [ yathaartha gyana ] or things to be known by pramana . As per vaisheshika darshana prameya are six: dravya , guna , karma, samanya , vishesha , samavaya . PRAMATA The person/ the atma or chitanya purusha 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 16

17. TYPES OF PRAMA 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 17

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20. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 20 Weightage of Marks 10 Marks

21. 30-12-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 21 MUST KNOW Definitaiton of prama , prameya , pramata , pramana Enumeration of pramana according to different schools of philosophy Explain chaturvidhi pariksha vidhi NEED TO KNOW Explain Ayurvedokta pramana and its clinical significance NICE TO KNOW 1. Explain practical application of methods of parikishvidhi