Preliminary design and operation of sanitary landfill

Sanitary Landfill and Hazardous waste management

1. Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore
[email protected]
IonlyfeelangrywhenIseewaste.
WhenIseepeoplethrowingaway
thingswecoulduse.–Mother
Teresa
1
17CE413
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.4 –Landfill: Design and Operation

2. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2
Learning Outcomes
☼Landfill design
☼Landfill operations
3.4 –Landfill: Design and Operation

3. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3
Video Session

4. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 4
Landfill Design & Operation

5. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 5
Landfill Design & Operation
Cell Construction
All solid wastes received are spread and compacted in cells or layers within a
confined area.
Cell: compacted wastes and daily cover material (3 m high)
Cell: rectangular in surface area, its sides sloped as steeply as practical
operation will permit. Optimum: 10%, up to 30%
Solid wastes are spread in layers not greater than 60 cm thick

6. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 6
Landfill Design & Operation
Cell Construction
Lift: a series of adjoining cells, all same height (3~5 m)
Orderly operations: maintain a narrow working face
Cover material: function of surface of wastes to be covered, thickness of the
soil needed to perform the particular functions, and cell configuration

7. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 7
Landfill Design & Operation

8. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 8
Landfill Design & Operation
Filling Plan for Single-Lift Landfill

9. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 9
Landfill Design & Operation
Filling Plan for a MultiliftLandfill

10. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 10
Landfill Design & Operation

11. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 11
Landfill Design & Operation

12. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 12
Landfill Design & Operation
Example Landfill Plan View

13. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 13
Landfill Design & Operation
Waste Decomposition in Landfills
Physical: breakdown or movement of the refuse components by physical
degradation and by the rinsing and flushing action of water movement
Chemical: hydrolysis, dissolution/ precipitation, sorption/desorption, and ion
exchange of refuse components; generally results in altered characteristics and
greater mobility of refuse components ® more chemically uniform.
Biological: most important process; occurs with naturally present bacteria
Byproducts of MSW decomposition: Decomposed solid wastes, new
biomass, generated gases, contaminants into solution (leachate), and heat.

14. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 14
Landfill Design & Operation

15. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 15
Landfill Design & Operation
Stabilization Phases –Phase I: Initial Adjustment
Initial waste placement
Preliminary moisture accumulation
Initial subsidence
Closure of landfill area

16. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 16
Landfill Design & Operation
Stabilization Phases –Phase II: Transition
Field capacity exceeded
Leachate formed
Electron acceptor shifts from oxygen to nitrates to sulfates
Trend toward reducing conditions
Volatile acids appear

17. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 17
Landfill Design & Operation
Stabilization Phases –Phase III: Acid Formation
Volatile fatty acids predominate in leachate
pH declines
Substrate conversion occurs

18. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 18
Landfill Design & Operation
Stabilization Phases –Phase IV: Methane Fermentation
Methane and carbon dioxide production
pH at minimum
Nutrient consumption
Precipitation of metals
Leachate BOD/COD declines

19. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 19
Landfill Design & Operation
Stabilization Phases –Phase V: Final Maturation
Biological dormancy
Nutrients limiting
Gas production ceases
Oxygen slowly reappears
Humicsubstances produced

20. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 20
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Determine solid waste quantities and characteristics
•Existing
•Projected
Compile existing and generate new site information
Perform boundary and topographic survey
•Prepare base map of existing condition on -site and near -site
•Property boundaries
• Topography and slopes• Surface water • Utilities
• Roads • Structure • Land use

21. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 21
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Compile hydrological information and prepare location map
Soils(depth,texture,structure,bulkdensity,porosity,permeability,
moisture,easeofexcavation,stability,pH,andcationexchangecapacity)
Bedrock(depth,type,presenceoffractures,locationofsurfaceoutcrops)
Groundwater(averagedepth,seasonalfluctuations,hydraulicgradientand
directionofflow,rateofflow,quality,uses)

22. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 22
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Compile climatological data
• Precipitation • Evaporation • Temperature
• No. of freezing days • Wind direction
Identify regulations (Federal, State, and local) and design standards
• Loading rates • Frequency of cover
• Distances to residences, roads, and surface water
• Monitoring • Roads
• Building codes • Contents of application for permit

23. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 23
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Design filling area
Site topography and slopes
Site soils
Site bedrock
Site groundwater

24. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 24
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
Sizing your landfill
Equations for volume

25. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 25
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
Example:
The foot print area of a landfill is 1000 ftby 750 ft. The anticipated depth is 30
ft. What is the volume in yd
3
?
Volume = 1,000 ftx 750 ftx 30 ft
Volume = 22,500,000 ft
3
Volume = 833,000 yd
3

26. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 26
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
This analysis did not consider side slope
How are the side slopes described at a landfill?

27. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 27
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout

28. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 28
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
Note: Slopes are sometimes referred to in %, which would correspond to
In the case of the previous example, a 3:1 slope would be expressed as 33%.
A 4:1 slope would be 25%.
More common when describing shallow slopes

29. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 29
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
How do you factor side slopes into volume formula?

30. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 30
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout

31. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 31
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
Landfill capacity refers to the time that the landfill can receive waste at a given
waste filling rate

32. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 32
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill Design and Layout
Example: For the previous landfill volume of 660,000 yd3, what would be the
capacity (years) of the landfill if C&D debris waste accepted at 500 tons per
day and the landfill debris density was 1500 pcy?

33. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 33
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Specify design dimensions
Trench width, depth, length
Cell configuration
Trench spacing
Fill depth
Interim cover soil thickness
Final cover soil thickness

34. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 34
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Specify operational features
Use of cover soil
Method of cover application
Need for imported soil
Equipment requirements
Personnel requirements

35. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 35
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Design facilities
• leachate controls • Gas controls
• Surface water controls • Access roads
• Special working areas • Structures
• Utilities • Fencing
• Lighting • Washracks
• Monitoring wells • Landscaping

36. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 36
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Prepare design package
Develop preliminary site plan of fill areas
Develop landfill contour plans
Excavation plans -including benches
Sequential fill plans
Completed fill plans
Fire, litter, vector, odor and noise controls
Compute solid waste storage volume, Soil requirement volumes, and site life

37. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 37
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Develop final site plan showing :
Normal fill areas Special working areas
Leachate controls Gas controls
Surface water controls Access Roads
Structures Utilities
Fencing Lighting
Washracks Monitoring wells
Landscaping

38. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 38
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Prepare elevation plans with cross -sections of :
Excavated fill
Completed fill
Phased development of fill at interim points
Prepare construction details
• Leachate controls • Gas controls
• Surface water controls • Access Roads
• Structures • Monitoring wells

39. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 39
Landfill Design & Operation
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DESIGN –TASKS
Prepare ultimate land use plan
Prepare cost estimate
Prepare design report
Submit application and obtain required permits
Prepare operator’s manual

40. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 40
Landfill Design & Operation
Industrial vs MSW Lfs
Fewdifferencesindesignrequirements
clayliner&cap,nogasextraction
IndustrialLfsusuallyaresimplerindesign
Ownersareusuallylargeplantsgeneratinglargewastevolumes
Papermills,coal-burningutilities,foundries
Somespecializedfeatures,mostlywithpapermillsludgelandfills
Industrialownersaremakingmajoreffortstorecycleorreducemostofwaste
stream

41. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 41
Landfill Design & Operation

42. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 42
Landfill Design & Operation

43. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 43
Landfill Design & Operation

44. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 44
Landfill Design & Operation

45. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 45
Landfill Design & Operation
Facilities at a Landfill Site
EntranceFacilitiesincludingWeighingScales
Administrative&Laboratoryspaces
WasteInspectionandSamplingFacilities
TemporaryWasteStorage
StockpilingforCoverMaterials
LocationofLandfillLeachateManagementFacilities
LocationofGasManagementFacilities

46. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 46
Landfill Design & Operation
Facilities at a Landfill Site
MonitoringWells
FencingandGreenBelts
AccessRoads
EquipmentShelters
ExitandEmergencyExitfacilities

47. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 47
Landfill Design & Operation
Landfill operations
Minimizeopenarea,reachfinalgradesassoonaspossible
Daily,alternate,intermediatecover
alternatecover-foundrysand,geotextiles,etc.
dailycovernotreq’dforindustrialwasteLfs
Initialwasteplacementtoprotectlinerfromdamagebytraffic&exposure-min
of4ft
Removeleachatecontinuously-treatatSTP
Prohibited&banneditems&specialwastes
Restrictionsinlocalagreements

48. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 48
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Noisecontrol
Useoftreesandbermstoattenuatenoise
Properphasingofoperationstocreateabufferzoneorbarrierbetweenthe
sourceandnearbyresidents
Appropriateequipmentmaintenance
Regulationofhoursofoperationtoreflectadjacentlanduses
Maximizetheseparationdistancebetweentheactivesitefaceandresidents

49. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 49
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Odorcontrol
Normallyaseasonalproblem;sources-putresciblewastes,carcasses,sludges,
landfillgas,sulfidesandmercaptans,andleachateseeps
Immediatecovering,maskingchemicals,ahorizontalgascollectionsystem,
properventingandflaringoflandfillgas,collectionorpreventionofleachate
escape

50. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 50
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Littercontrolmeasures
Coveropenloads
Moveoperationstoprotectedareasduringwindyconditions,plantsome
windbreaks,oroperatetheworkingfacesothatitisoppositetothedirectionof
prevailingwinds.Alternativelyusemovablefencing
Littercontrol
Unacceptableappearance,afoodsourceforvermin,blight,andfires
Causedbyopenloads,windy-dayoperation,operationaltechniques,and
dumpingpractices

51. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 51
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Littercontrolmeasures
Unloadsolidwastesatthebottomoftheslopeandpushmaterialsuptheslope
Compactandcovertherefusemorefrequentlyduringtheday
Confinethedumpingareatoaminimalsurfacearea
Collectthelitteronanongoingbasis

52. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 52
Landfill Design & Operation
Trash Containment System
Shouldnottipoverandreleasetrash
duringhighwindconditions(50%wind
resistanceat70mph)
Reducetrashretrievinglaborcost
Easytorelocateonsite

53. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 53
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Dustcontrol
Considerusingall-weatherroadswithpropermaintenance
Ondirtroad,applycalciumchlorideat0.2~0.4kg/m2(0.4~0.8lb/yd2);apply
waterfromtrucksasnecessary
Limitearthmovingactivities
Usevegetationandwindbreaks

54. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 54
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Birdcontrol
Dangertoaircraftandcontaminationofsurfacewater
Useelevatedwiresand/orstringnettingoverafill
Rodentcontrol
Difficulttoeliminate;mustbetotalelimination
Eliminatefood

55. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 55
Landfill Design & Operation
Site Operations
Insectcontrol
Fliesandmosquitoes
Coverthesolidwasteandexterminate

56. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 56
Landfill Design & Operation
Operation Plan
Compactoroperations:-dictatescellconstruction,operatordeterminestypeofcell
constructed,whereandwhenthecellisreadyforfinishingandcovering
Optimumdensity:-spacesaving,pointofdiminishingreturn,highcapitaland
operationcostofcompactor,cost/benefit

57. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 57
Landfill Design & Operation
Monitoring
Leachateheadwithinlandfill
leakagethroughlandfillliner(groundwater)
ambientairquality
gas
leachatequality
stabilityoffinalcover

58. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 58
Landfill Design & Operation
Ground water Monitoring
Basedupon:
Site-specificfieldcollectedmeasurements,sampling,andanalysisofphysical,
chemicalandbiologicalprocessesaffectingcontaminantfateandtransport,
and
Contaminantfateandtransportpredictionsthatmaximizecontaminant
migrationandconsiderimpactsonhumanhealthandenvironment

59. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 59
Landfill Design & Operation
Minimum Groundwater Monitoring
Onelineofthree(minimum)welldowngradientfromlandfillperpendicularto
groundwaterflow,penetratingentiresaturatedthicknessofaquifer(1/250ftoflf
frontageatboundaryofsiteoratsurfacewater
Onewellimmediatelyadjacenttodowngradientedgeoffilledareaatpointwhere
leachateplumemeetsGW.Screenedtointerceptwatertable
Onewellinareaup-gradientfromlandfill

60. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 60
Landfill Design & Operation
Monitoring Wells

61. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 61
Landfill Design & Operation
Air Monitoring
Explosivegasescontrol:Methaneisexplosivewhenpresentinarangeof5
(lowerexplosivelimit,LEL)to15(upperexplosivelimit,UEL)percentby
volumeinair.Methaneisnotexplosivewhenpresentinconcentrationsgreater
than15%however,fireandasphyxiationarestillathreatattheselevels.

62. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 62
Landfill Design & Operation
Type and frequency of monitoring
Determinedbasedonthefollowingfactors:
soilconditions;
thehydro-geologicconditionssurroundingthefacility;
thehydraulicconditionssurroundingthefacility;and
thelocationoffacilitystructuresandpropertyboundaries.
Theminimumfrequencyofmonitoringshallbequarterly.

63. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 63
Landfill Design & Operation
Closure
Describeclosuremethods
Addressfinaluse
financialassurancecriteria
estimatecostofclosure/postclosurecare
demonstratefinancialassurance
cash
irrevocableletterofcredit
trustfundswithlicensedtrustcompanyorstate
suretybonds

64. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 64
Landfill Design & Operation
Post closure
30years
maintainintegrityofcover
maintainLCS
monitorGW
maintaingasmonitoringsystem

65. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 65
Assessment Time
Review
Question
RecommendasuitablelandfillmethodforCoimbatoreregion
basedonthecompositionofwastegeneratedinthecity.

66. SHWM –Module 3 –SANITARY LANDFILL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 66