Preparation of Composite Membrane using PET

Preparation of Composite Membrane using PET

1. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST PRODUCTION OF COMPOSITE POLYMERIC MEMBRANE 18CHC109L – Major Project Dr K. Selvam MTech, PhD Assistant Professor( Sr.G ) Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST Rajeshwaran N Parthasarathy A Rakshith MU Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 1

2. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 2 INTRODUCTION

3. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 3 LITERATURE REVIEW S.No Title Author/Journal Published Year Observation 1 Ultrafiltration membranes from waste polyethylene terephthalate and additives: synthesis and characterization Smitha Rajesh and Zagabathuni 2013 Membranes manufactured with PET without additives are rigid and have poor mechanical properties. Thus, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added, but this change alone did not improve the mechanical properties of the membranes sufficiently. PEG is a known and proven additive for membranes with a wide range of polymers 2 Model analysis on the effect of temperature on the solubility of recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic Syed Shujaat Karim, Lai Fatt Chuah 2022 The solubility of a polymer in a solvent depends on its chemical structures, as in general, similarities in structure favour higher solubility. The solubility parameters were introduced to express the enthalpy of mixing, which is the key factor in determining the dissolution of polymer in a solvent 3 Utilization of used polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for the development of ultrafiltration membrane Samuel P. Kusumocahyo , Syarifa K. Ambani 2022 The use of pure water as the non-solvent resulted in a membrane with many defects because phenol which is highly soluble in water diffused rapidly from the polymer matrix into the water creating defects in the membrane structure. 4 Characterization of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane entrapping with ginger extract (GE) as a green additive A Fahrina , N Arahman 2021 Preparation of PES dope using PES powder as polymer and NMP as a solvent in order to blend it with the PET, Characterization of PES membrane and separation studies 5 Improved Permeate Flux and Rejection of Ultrafiltration Membranes Prepared From Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle Waste Samuel P. Kusumocahyo , Syarifa K. Ambani 2022 Decreasing the molecular weight of additive and increasing the concentration of additive increases both permeate flux and rejection rate

4. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 4 OBJECTIVE

5. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 5 WORKFLOW vv

6. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 6 SOLVENT SELECTION HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETER MODEL @ 25 ℃ RED = 0.80 @ 101.5℃ RED = 0.71 RED = R a / R O R a – Solubility Distance R o – Solubility radius of the polymer RED < 1 – Polymer and Solvent are alike RED = 1 - Solvent will partially dissolve the Polymer RED > 1 – Solvent will not dissolve the Polymer

7. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 7 PREPARATION METHOD PES SOLUTION

8. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 8 PREPARATION METHOD PET SOLUTION

9. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 9 PREPARATION METHOD BLENDED SOLUTION

10. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 10 C OMPOSITION PET SOLUTION PET ( wt %) m-Cresol ( wt %) 16.66 83.34 PES ( wt %) NMP ( wt %) PEG 400 ( wt %) 15.84 79.21 4.95 PET Solution ( wt %) PES Solution ( wt %) 20 80 PET SOLUTION BLENDED SOLUTION

11. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 11 Characterization: X-RAY DIFFRACTION Crystallinity index   D   Scherrer Equation Name Area of crystalline peaks Area of all crystalline and amorphous peaks Crystallinity index (%) PES 7424.94 36272.35 20.46 PES+PET 6382.60 31056.17 20.55 Name K FWHM (β) 2θ λ D (nm) PES 0.94 2.521 43.93 1.54 3.55 PES+PET 0.94 1.64 43.869 1.54 5.45 D - crystallite size (nm) K – Scherrer Constant λ – Wavelength of X-ray Sources β – FWHM (radians) θ – Peak Position (radians)

12. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 12 Characterization: WATER CONTACT ANGLE S. No Contact Angle ( deg ) 1 74.6 2 69.4 3 79.9 4 78.8 Avg 75.6 S. No Contact Angle ( deg ) 1 96.1 2 94.8 3 92 Avg 94.3 PES SOLUTION PES+PET SOLUTION “ HYDROPHILIC MEMBRANE ” “ HYDROPHOBIC MEMBRANE ” ANGLE = 94.3 ° ANGLE = 75.6 °

13. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 13 Characterization: TENSILE STRENGTH S.no PES Membrane PES+PET Membrane Load At Yield 10.125 N 11.5 N Elongation At Yield 3.600 mm 3.800 mm Yield Stress 1.350 Mpa 1.482 Mpa Load At Peak 11.500 N 12.5 N Elongation at Peak 7.200 mm 7.700 mm Compression Strength 1.533 Mpa 1.569 Mpa Load At Break 7.375 N 8.321 N Elongation At Break 7.300 mm 7.7 mm Breaking Strength 0.983 Mpa 0.988 Mpa % Reduction Area 47.73 % 47.71 % % Elongation 4.00 % 6.25 %

14. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 14 Characterization: porosity No. W 1 W 2 d w d p ε  PES 1.38 0.94 0.998 1.37 0.39 PES+PET 0.99 0.73 0.998 1.38 0.46 W 1 Weight of the wet membrane in g W 2 Weight of the dry membrane in g d w Density of the water in g/cm 3 d p Density of the polymer in g/cm 3

15. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 15 Characterization: FTIR ANALYSIS S.no Wavelength (cm-1) Band Functional Group 1 1012.63 C-O-C Ether 2 1408.04 C-H Alkane 3 1654.92 C-O Carboxylic Acid 4 866.04 C-H Aromatic 5 1072.42 C-C Alkane and Alkene S.no Wavelength (cm-1) Band Functional Group 1 1639.49 C=C-C Aromatic Ring 2 1408.04 C-H Alkane 3 1621.06 C=O Carbonyl Group 4 3900 O-H Alcohol, Phenol 5 1012.63 C-O-C Ether 6 866.04 C-H Aromatic PES MEMBRANE PES+PET MEMBRANE

16. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 16 Characterization: SEM ANALYSIS PES MEMBRANE Average Pore Diameter = 0.56 μ m

17. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 17 Characterization: SEM ANALYSIS PES+PET MEMBRANE Average Pore Diameter = 0.81 μ m

18. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 18 Characterization: MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

19. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 19 Characterization: MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE Permeate flux   PERMEATE FLUX Permeate flux   Permeate flux   Guerout-Elford Ferry Equation r m = 0.797 X 10 - 6 m d m = 1.594 μ m r m   r m   MEAN PORE RADIUS

20. Department of Chemical Engineering, SRMIST 04-05-2023 20 R EFERENCE Rajesh, S., &amp; Murthy, Z. V. (2014). Ultrafiltration membranes from waste polyethylene terephthalate and additives: Synthesis and characterization. Química Nova, 37(4). https://doi.org/10.5935/0100-4042.20140097 Zander, N., Gillan , M., &amp; Sweetser, D. (2016). Recycled pet nanofibers for water filtration applications. Materials, 9(4), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040247 Kirshanov , K., Toms, R., Aliev , G., Naumova, A., Melnikov, P., &amp; Gervald , A. (2022). Recent developments and perspectives of recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate)-based membranes: A Review. Membranes, 12(11), 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111105 Ferreira, R. da, Oliveira, S. S., Salviano , A. F., Araújo, E. M., Leite , A. M., &amp; Lira, H. de. (2019). Polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes were developed for oily emulsion treatment. Materials Research, 22( suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2018-0854 El- Dakkony , S. R., Mubarak, M. F., Ali, H. R., Gaffer, A., Moustafa , Y. M., &amp; Abdel-Rahman, A.-H. (2021). The composite thin-film membrane of an assembled activated carbon thin film with auto self-healing and high-efficiency water desalination. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(2), 2514–2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01544-4