Preparation of PHENYTOIN from benzil

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug or anti-epileptic drug . It can be prepared from the organic compound Benzil, which is formed by the oxidation of Benzoin.

1. Guided By: Submitted By: Ms. Aswathy Shaji (Guest Lecturer) Ansa Mathew Department of Chemistry B.Sc. Chemistry Mar Thoma College for Women Mar Thoma College for Women Perumbavoor Perumbavoor PREPARATION OF PHENYTOIN FROM BENZIL

2. CONTENTS

3. OBJECTIVE To prepare Benzil by the oxidation of Benzoin. To prepare the anti-convulsant drug ‘ Phenytoin ’ from Benzil. Characterization of Benzil and Phenytoin by their IR spectra.

4. INTRODUCTION DRUG It is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, diagnose a disease or promote well-being. ANTICONVULSANTS OR ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS (AEDs) Drugs used in the treatment of convulsive disorders like epileptic seizures. Provide symptomatic treatment only. MODE OF ACTION Depress the CNS Non-specific Centrally acting Block sodium or calcium channels and reduce the release of excitatory glutamate at high frequencies.

5. EXAMPLES OF AEDs Bromide- first anticonvulsant drug Phenobarbital Carbamazepine Phenytoin Valproic acid

6. PHENYTOIN AED Uses Prevention of tonic- clonic seizures. Acute treatment of generalized status epilepticus Mode of administration Intravenously By mouth Mode of action Primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex, where the spreading of seizure activity is inhibited. Phenytoin binds preferentially to the inactive form of the sodium channel.

7. Dosage of phenytoin Depends on blood serum levels i.e., between 10µg/ mL and 20µg/ mL. After the initial dose has been prescribed, plasma levels should be determined and the dosage adjusted if necessary to obtain a level in the therapeutic range. Excretion Most of the drug is excreted in the bile as inactive metabolites which are then reabsorbed from the intestinal tract and excreted through the urine.

8. Common side effects Nausea Stomach pain and loss of appetite Poor co-ordination Increased hair growth Enlargement of the gums Sleepiness Liver problems Bone marrow suppression Low blood pressure Toxic epidermal necrolysis

9. MATERIALS AND METHODS

10. Methods Infrared Spectroscopy- Spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The instrument used is called infrared spectrometer or spectrophotometer. A basic IR spectrum is essentially a graph of infrared light absorbance on the vertical axis vs. frequency or wavelength on the horizontal axis.

11. PREPARATIONS

12. RESULT AND DISCUSSION IR ANALYSIS IR Spectrum of Benzil

13. IR Spectrum Analysis Of Benzil

14. Structure Of Benzil

15. IR Spectrum Of Phenytoin

16. On comparison of the spectrum of phenytoin with that of Benzil, it is found that there are a few noticeable changes between the two spectrums.

17. Structure Of Phenytoin

18. CONCLUSION

19. THANK YOU