presentasion_phonetics_and_phonology.ppt

full course for phonology and phonetics

1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

3. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS AND
LANGUAGE?
A. Linguistics isthe science of language, or the
field of the study the object of which language.
B. Language isa method of conveying our ideas to
the minds of other persons or a set of signals by
which we communicate.

4. PHONOLOGY INVOLVES TWO
STUDIES :
•Phonology is the study of the sounds and
sound patterns of a specific language.
•Phoneticsisthe studyof the production,
transmission and reception of speech sound.

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PHONETICS CONSIST OF THREE
THEY ARE :
1. Articulatory phonetics is study of how
speech sounds are made, or articulated.
2. Auditory (perceptual) phonetics which deals
with perception, via the air, of speech sounds
3. Acoustic phonetics is deals with the physical
properties of speech as sound waves in the air.

6. THE ORGANS OF SPEECH

7. Remember,the tongue is so important in the production of speech sound
that, for easy of reference, it has been devided into four they are :

8. VOWELS AND CONSONANTS:
Sounds can be devided into two main types :
A.Vowel is a sound that needs an open air passage in
the mouth. Vowel consists of pure vowel,
diphthong and triphthong.
B.Consonant is formed when the air stream is
restricted or stopped at some point between the
vocal cords and the lips. Consonant consists of :
1. voiced
2. voiceless

9. MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Mannerofarticulationistheconfiguration
andinteractionofthearticulators(speech
organssuchasthetongue,lips,palate,etc.)
whenmakingaspeechsound.moreimportant
forspeech,perhaps,wecanalsodistinguish
betweenthevoicelesssoundslike'p'and't'in
'pat'andthevoicesoundslike'b'and'd'in
'bad'.

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THE KINDS OF MANNER OF ARTICULATION
1.Plosive
these involves complete closure at the some
point in the mouth. the sounds of plosive
consists of : p, b, t, d, k, g.
2. Fricatives
this sounds are the result of incomplete
closure at some point in the mouth. the
sounds of fricative consists of : f, v, s, z

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3. Trills
these involve intermittent closure. sounds can be
produced by tapping the tongue repeatedly against
a point of contact. this sound consist of : /r/
4. Laterals
these sounds also involve partial closure in the
mouth. the air stream is blocked by the tip of the
tongue but allowed to escape around the sides of
the tongue. this sound consict of : /l/
5. Nasal
the sounds involve the complete closure in the
mouth, the velum is lowered, diverting the air
through the nose. this sounds consist of : m, n, .

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6. Affricates
affricates are a combination of sounds. initally there
is complete closure as for a plosive. this sounds
concists of : dʒ, t.
7. Frictionless continuants
in making the /r/ sound associated with BBC
English, the closure is made as for the fricatives /s/
and /z/ but the air is released with less pressure.
8. Semi-vowels
the sounds that begin the word 'you' and 'wet' are
made without closure in the mouth. to this extent,
they are vowel like. they normally occur at the
beginning of a word or syllable, however, and thus
behave functionally like consonant. the semi-vowels
are represented by the symbols /j/ and /w/.

13. PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Place of articulation is the relationship between the active and
passive articulators as they shape or impede the airstream.
1.Bilabialmade with two lips.
Examples are [p], which
is voiceless, as in pay
or [b] and [m] which
are voiced, as in bay,
may.

14. 2. Labiodental made with lower
lip and upper front teeth Examples
are [f] safe (voiceless) and [v]
save(voiced).
3. Dental made with tongue tip and upper front teeth
Examples are [] thigh (voiceless)
and [] thy(voiced).

15. 4. Alveolar made with tongue tip and the alveolar
ridge.
Examples are [ t,s ] too,sue, both
voiceless, and [d,z,n,l,r ] do, zoo,
nook, look, rook, all voiced.
5. Palatoalveolar made with tongue blade and the
back of the alveolar ridge.
Examples [, t] ship, chunk
(voiceless) and [ʒ, dʒ]
pleasure, badge (voiced).

16. 6. Palatal made with front of tongue and hard palate
Example : is [ j ] as in yes, yellow,
beauty, new and it is voiced.
7. Velar made with back of the tongue and soft palate
Examples [k] back, voiceless,
and [g, , w] both voiced bag,
rang, woo.

17. 8. Glottal sounds are produced when the air passes
through the glottis as it is narrowed: [h] as in high.

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The International Phonetic Alphabet
LANGUAGE
Letter Sounds
In writing, words are made of letter, in speech, word are made of sound. Letters are not
always the same as sounds.
Example:
Car /ka:/
Key /kI:/

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Why we learn alphabet?
International phonetics alphabet help us to produce the sounds of letter
Many words are distinguishes solely by a difeerence of vowel sounds as:
peal/ pill, pale, pal, pool, pull, pole, and paul.
Many words that are differenciated by a single consonantsound as in the
series fin, pin, bin, tin and sin
English speaking doesn’t accuratelyindicate the pronunciation

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Suprasegmental and Segmental
Phonemes
Segmental phonemes
Vowel phonem consonant phonem
Suprasegmental phonemes refer to such:
1.Pitch
2.Stress
3.Intonation
4.Juncture

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The Sound of English
The phonemes of English
All language make use of consonant and vowel yet no two language have same set
of distinct sounds or phonemes.
Phonemeis a group or unit of sounds that distinguishes meaning.
Phoneme adalah unit kesatuan terkecil dari bunyi yang membedakan arti dalam
bahasa tertentu.
For example: phoneme p
P
h aspirated
Pen /P
h
ɛn/
non aspirated stop /stɔp/

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P
h
allphone from phonem P
p
Allophones is varition or member of one phonem in a certain language.
For example:
/l/ as in leap /li:p/ and /l/ as in peel /pi:l/
Two words above are pronounced in a different place of articulation. Which /l/ as in
“leap” is called clear / l / while /l/ as in “peel” is called dark / l / .
The both of variation /l/ above is called allophones from /l/

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Minimal pairs
The best way how to organized phonem is understanding what minimal pair is?
Minimal pairis the smallest unit of sounds that can identify and distinguish word
or meaning in a certain language.
For example:
Pin Pan
Bit But
Lack Lock
Tap Top
Saw Sown
Mata Mati
Ina Inu
Ama Ami

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CONSONANT ANDVOWEL
Sounds can be divided into two main types namely:
Consonantis formed when the air stream is
restricted or stopped at some point between the
vocal cords and the lips.
Vowelis a sound that needs an open air passage in
the mouth.

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The consonant of English

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Simbol key wordsphonetic writing
/p/ part /pa:t/
/b/ bed /bɛd/
/t/ tell /tɛl/
/d/ dark /da:k/
/k cat /kæt/
/g/ gap /gæp/
/f/ ferry /fɛri/
/v/ very /vɛri/
/ᶿ/ thigh /ᶿai/
/ð/ thy /ðai/
/s/ sea /si:/

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Simbol key words phonetic writing
/z/ zoo /zu:/
/ʃ/ shoe /ʃu;/
/ʒ/ roudge /ru:ᴣ/
/h/ head /hɛd/
/ʧ/ choise /ʧͻis/
/ʤ/ jane /ʤein/
/m/ man /mæ/
/n/ name /neim/
/ŋ/ sing /siŋ/
/l/ lap /læp/
/r/ red /rɛd/
/w/ wet /wɛt/
/y/ yes /yɛs/

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The vowels of English

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The vowel of English consist of twelve. They are:
1. /i:/as in eat seefee
2. /I/as in it sit city
3. /ɛ/as in egg bed fed
4. /æas in man pan act
5. /a:/as in ark part bar
6. /ɔas in on pot dot
7. /ɔ:/as in order port war
8. /u/as in took pull full
9. /u:/as in ooze pool too
10. /˄/as in up but cut
11. /ɜ:/as in early girl further
12. /ə/as in ago afterforward

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Diphthongs
Diphthong is double vowel. In English diphthong consist of eight and of the eight
diphthong are divided into two part :
1.Centering:/i/as in hear dear beer
/e/as in hair bare where
/u/as intour pure moor
2.Closing :
(a) narrow :/ei/as in hay pai grey
/ou/as in show no slow
(b)wide:/ai/ as in high buy try
/au/as in how now house
/oi/as in boy oil toy

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Consonant Cluster
A syllable can be contain a vowel and a consonant in a certain word.
Cluster is the combination of consonant and consonant. The basic element of the
syllable are called the onset (one or more consonant) and the rhyme. Cluster can be
consists two or three consonant in initial position and one or more vowel in final
position
(cccv or ccv)
For examples:
Splash / spləʃ /
Strain /strəin /
Stew /stju /
Pray /prei /
Black /blək /

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rhyme/vowel
Speak /sp i: k /coda
onset
Coda is a consonant at the end of a word

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EXERCICE