Presentation

Plasma light sources

1. PLASMA LIGHT SOURCES
Professor: Dr. Davoud Iraji
By: Mohammadreza Khoshhal

2. Outline
Introduction

Gas discharge lamp
Historical overview
Deuterium arc
Neon
Plasma
Sulfur
Xenon arc

Types of gas light sources
Build-up and function
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications

References
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3. Introduction
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Methods of light generation

Combustion

Electric arc

Gas discharge

High intensity discharge

4. Introduction
Combustion
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Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic chemical reaction
between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces
oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.

5. Introduction
Electric arc
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An electric arc or arc discharge is an electrical breakdown of a gas that
produces an ongoing electrical discharge. The current through a normally
nonconductive medium such as air produces a plasma; the plasma may produce
visible light. An arc discharge is characterized by a lower voltage than a glow
discharge, and it relies on thermionic emission of electrons from the electrodes
supporting the arc.
Applications
Welding
Plasma cutting
Electrical discharge machining
Electric arc furnaces

6. Gas discharge lamp
Historical Overview
1675: Phenomenon of glowing vacant space in a Barometer while moving it,
discovered by Jean-Felix Picard.

1705: First Demonstration of gas discharge lamp by Francis Hauksbee.

1857: Development of Geissler Tubes (low-pressure gas discharge tubes) by
Heinrich Geissler

1898: Discovery of Neon by William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers

1910: Commercialization of Geissler Tubes as neon lighting, used in neon signs
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7. Gas discharge lamp
Deuterium arc
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A deuterium arc lamp (or simply deuterium
lamp) is a low-pressure gas-discharge light
source often used in spectroscopy when a
continuous spectrum in the ultraviolet region is
needed.

Plasma "arc" or discharge lamps using hydrogen
are notable for their high output in the ultraviolet.

A deuterium lamp uses a tungsten filament and
anode placed on opposite sides of a nickel box
structure designed to produce the best output
spectrum. Unlike an incandescent bulb, the
filament is not the source of light in deuterium
lamps. Instead an arc is created from the filament
to the anode, a similar process to arc lamps.

8. Gas discharge lamp
Deuterium arc
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Emission spectrum of an ultraviolet deuterium arc lamp

9. Gas discharge lamp
Neon
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Neon lighting
Neon lights are a type of cold cathode gas-discharge light. A neon tube light is a
sealed glass tube with a metal electrode at each end, filled with one of a number of
gases at low pressure. A high potential of several thousand volts applied to the
electrodes ionizes the gas in the tube, causing it to emit colored light.


Color depends on gas in the discharge tube:
Neon (orange)
Hydrogen (red)
Helium (yellow)
Carbon dioxide (white)
Mercury (blue)

10. Gas discharge lamp
Neon
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Neon glow lamp
The energy dissipation in the lamps when they are glowing is very low
(about 0.1 W),hence the distinguishing term cold-cathode lighting.

Applications:

Pilot lamps
Decorative lamps
Electronic indicator

Nixie tube

11. Gas discharge lamp
Plasma
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Plasma lamps are a type of gas discharge lamp energized by radio
frequency (RF) power. Plasma lamps with an internal phosphor coating
are called external electrode fluorescent lamps (EEFL); these
external electrodes or terminal conductors provide the radio frequency
electric field.

Modern plasma lamps are a family of light sources that generate light
by exciting plasma inside a closed transparent burner or bulb using
radio frequency (RF) power. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas or a
mixture of these gases and additional materials such as metal halides,
sodium, mercury or sulfur.

12. Gas discharge lamp
Plasma
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the sulfur lamp is a bulb filled with argon and sulfur that is bombarded
with microwaves through a hollow waveguide. The bulb had to be spun
rapidly to prevent it’s burning.

Sulfur lamps, though relatively efficient, have had a number of
problems, chiefly:

Limited life – Magnetrons had limited lives.
Large size
Heat – The sulfur burnt through the bulb wall unless they were rotated rapidly.
High power demand – They could not sustain a plasma in powers under 1000W.

13. Gas discharge lamp
Plasma
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High-efficiency plasma lighting is the class of plasma lamps that have system
efficiencies of 90 lumens per watt or more. Lamps in this class are potentially
the most energy-efficient light source for outdoor, commercial and industrial
lighting. This is due not only to their high system efficiency but also to the small
light source they present enabling very high luminaire efficiency.

Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER) is designed to allow robust comparison
between lighting types. It is given by the product of luminaire efficiency (EFF)
times total rated lamp output in lumens (TLL) times ballast factor (BF), divided
by the input power in watts (IP):

LER = EFF × TLL × BF / IP

The "system efficiency" for a High Efficiency Plasma lamp is given by the last
three variables, that is, it excludes the luminaire efficiency.

14. Gas discharge lamp
Sulfur
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The sulfur lamp is a highly efficient full-spectrum
electrodeless lighting system whose light is generated
by sulfur plasma that has been excited by microwave
radiation. They are a particular type of plasma lamp,
one of the most modern.
The fundamental advantage of this type of lamp is the
absence of electrodes in it.

This absence of electrodes eliminates many of the
common causes of lamp failure such as envelope
blackening or envelope rupture.

15. Gas discharge lamp
Sulfur
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A unique feature of this new sulfur spectrum is the nearly complete absence of
unwanted ultraviolet radiation and a very small infrared component. The sum
total of the UV and IR comprises less than 15 percent of the radiation output.

Advantages

High lumen maintenance.
Low UV and IR radiation.
Excellent color stability.
Low flicker.
High optical brightness.
Higher lifetime over 30,000 hrs.

16. Gas discharge lamp
Xenon arc
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A xenon arc lamp is a specialized type of gas discharge lamp, an electric light that
produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. It
produces a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight.

Xenon arc lamps can be roughly divided into three categories:

continuous-output xenon short-arc lamps
continuous-output xenon long-arc lamps
xenon flash lamps

Xenon arc lamps are used in movie projectors in theaters, in searchlights, and for
specialized uses in industry and research to simulate sunlight.

17. Types of gas discharge light sources
Overview
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Overview:
Hot-cathode lamps
Cold-cathode lamps
Low pressure gas discharge lamps
Fluorescent lamps
High pressure gas discharge lamps
Sodium lamps
Metal halide lamps
Mercury-vapor lamps
High-intensity discharge lamps
Mercury-vapor lamps
Metal halide lamps
Xenon arc lamps
Ceramic discharge metal halide lamps
Sodium vapor lamps

18. Types of gas light sources
Low pressure gas discharge lamp
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Sketch of a low pressure mercury vapour gas discharge fluorescent lamp.

19. Types of gas light sources
Low pressure gas discharge lamp
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Advantages:

~ 22 % energy conversion (incandescent lamp 5 %)

~ 9000 h lifetime (10-20x of equivalent incandescent lamp)

 Large light source

Low heat emission (1/5 of equivalent incandescent lamp)

20. Types of gas light sources
Low pressure gas discharge lamp
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Disadvantages

Rapid aging if switched on and off frequently

Safety issues if broken (due to Mercury)

Disposal and recycling

Generation of harmonic currents in power supply

Arc generates radio frequency noise

21. Types of gas light sources
Low pressure gas discharge lamp
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Applications

Lighting in shops, offices, tunnels, etc.
Lighting in private households
Plant cultivation

22. Types of gas light sources
High pressure gas discharge lamp
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Principle of metal halide lamp, in this case a double-ended lamp with a quartz burner
Mo foils may be used to generate metal diffusion bonding in silicon carbide/silicon
carbide (SiC/SiC) joints.

23. Types of gas light sources
High pressure gas discharge lamp
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Benefits of different OSRAM high-pressure discharge technologies

Metal halide lamps with ceramic technology
Ceramics can withstand higher temperatures than quartz glass. The wall temperatures can
therefore be raised which increases the proportion of filler materials in the plasma.

Advantages

Very high efficiency
Very good color reproduction
Excellent color stability
Very good light flux performance over the lifetime
Low dependency on burning position
High reliability thanks among other things due to ceramic corrosion

24. Types of gas light sources
High pressure gas discharge lamp
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Benefits of different OSRAM high-pressure discharge
technologies

Metal halide lamps with quartz technology
Metal halide lamps with quartz technology are first-generation metal halide
lamps. These lamps operate on the basis of a discharge vessel (arc tube) made of
transparent, high-temperature-resistant quartz glass that can withstand changes
in temperature.

Advantages

Tried and tested lamp technology
Available in a variety of wattages, from 70 W to 2000 W
Good optical properties thanks to transparent arc tube
Long service life
High luminous flux

25. Types of gas light sources
High pressure gas discharge lamp
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Applications:

Illumination of stadium, parking area, etc.
Projection
Greenhouse / Aquarium

26. References
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[1] Klaus Schmidt-Rohr, "Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ
per Mole of O
2" Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
02453, United States, 2015
[2] Chen, Kao (1990), "Industrial Power Distribution And Illuminating Systems" ISBN 978-
0-8247-8237-5

[3] John Wiley and Sons, "Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards" ISBN 978-0-
471-49946-6.
[4] "Procedure for Determining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings for High-Intensity Discharge
(HID) Industrial Luminaires" Document ID: 100135, NEMA LE 5B-1998.
[5] Nils Borg, "1000-watt sulfur lamp now ready". IAEEL newsletter
[6] "NASA Tech Briefs - Sulfur Lamp With CaBr2 Additive for Enhanced Plant Growth".
Nasatech.com. July 1, 2000
[7] Roy D. Roberts, "Three-kilowatt xenon arc lamp"
[8] A. G. Jacka & M. Koedama, ” Energy Balances for Some High Pressure Gas Discharge
Lamps” 2013.
[9] Graeme Listera* and Yang Liub, “Low-Pressure Gas Discharge Lamps” Springer
International Publishing Switzerland 2014.
[10] "Operating principle of low-pressure gas discharge- www.ledvance.com"
[11] High-pressure discharge lamps - Professional knowledge - www.ledvance.com"

27. 14 June 2017




Thank you for your attention.