PRESENTATION 1 INTRO.pptx222222222222445

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1. INTRODUCTION TO PEDIATRICS BY: DR AMADU JALLOH

2. PEDIATRICS PEDIATRICS (What is it) Branch of medicine that deals with the care of children and adolescents. Derived from two Greek words Pedo pais meaning a child Latros meaning healer Paediatrics covers the age group less than 18 years of age.

3. OVERVIEW OF PEDIATRICS Pediatrics is the only discipline dedicated to all aspects of the wellbeing of infants, children, and adolescents, including their health ; their physical , mental, and psychologic growth and development; and their opportunity to achieve full potential as adults. Pediatricians must be concerned not only with particular organ systems and biologic processes, but also with environmental , social, and political influences , which have a major impact on the health and well-being of children and their families . pediatricians must be advocates for the individual child and for all children, irrespective of culture, religion , gender , race , or ethnicity or of local, state, or national boundaries.

4. OVERVIEW OF PEDIATRICS The more politically, economically , or socially disenfranchised a population or a nation is, the greater the need for advocacy for children. The young are often among the most vulnerable or disadvantaged in society and thus their needs require special attention. More than a century ago, pediatrics emerged as a medical specialty in response to increasing awareness that the health problems of children differ from those of adults and that a child’s response to illness and stress varies with age.

5. PEDIATRICIANS Paediatricians : Are medical practitioners who have specialized training not only in evaluating, diagnosing and treating children but also in dealing with their nutrition, growth, development and providing opportunity to achieve full potential as adults. Responsibility : To improve children’s physical, mental, behavioural, psychological and social health ; reduce their morbidity and mortality.

6. AREAS OF IMPORTANCE Diagnosing and treating diseases Growth and development Nutrition Immunization Opportunity to achieve full potential as adults.

7. PEDIATRICS AS A SPECIALTY Fascinating specialty Deals with care of premature to adolescents . Also covers intensive care management of sick neonates and children on one hand and providing home care to newborns on the other. Now the pediatrics has branched well into developed sub specialties ( neonatology, nephrology, pulmonology, infectious disease, pediatric critical care, neurology, hematology, endocrinology and cardiology ).

8. WHAT’S DIFFERENT FROM ADULT The principle of adult medicine cannot be directly adapted to children because, children have Unique biology Distinct risk factors of pediatric disease Clinical manifestation of disease may be different Many disorders are unique to children Changes in body proportions from foetus to adult

9. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ? Treating children (birth to 18 yrs); Growing / developing individuals Need to remember doses/ intakes by weight/size Diseases of children affect G&D  disorders of G&D as a symptom Primary disorders of G&D Child’s metabolism is different (faster) Drug doses are higher Fluid/ calorie intake higher Parameters (HR, RR higher, BP lower in younger) Higher proportion of body water

10. WHAT’S DIFFERENT? Spectrum of disease in children is different Congenital/inherited Infectious Nutritional Less of degenerative – atherosclerosis Less psychiatric Still, overlap with adult medicine is there

11. WHAT’S DIFFERENT? Child’s response to disease and treatment is different: Deteriorate very quickly – need careful watching Improve also very quickly – gratifying Hold more true for younger kids

12. CHILD SURVIVAL STRATEGIES Early breast feeds Exclusive breast feeds Appropriate weaning Vaccination Antenatal, intrapartum and neonatal care Case management of pneumonia and diarrhea

13. PERIODS OF GROWTH NEONATE INFANCY TODDLER PRESCHOOL SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN EARLY ADOLESCENTS MIDDLE ADOLESCENTS LATE ADOLESCENTS

14. NEONATE First 4 weeks of life FEATURES ; Beginning independent living The physiological regulation ability and adaptation to circumstances are very poor. The morbidity and mortality are very high HEALTHCARE ; Enough nutrition Proper nursing care Prevention of diseases

15. INFANCY Up to one year of age FEATURES: Rapid growth period Fastest brain growth Nutrition and energy requirement are more Digestion and absorption functions are poor Passive immunity gradually drops HEALTH CARE: Enough nutrition Prevention of diseases Basic immunity

16. TODDLER 1 to 3 years of age FEATURES : Growth becomes slower More vigorous Contact more objects Intelligence develops faster Poor ability of identifying damage HEALTH CARE Enough nutrition Prevention of diseases Prevention of accident

17. PRESCHOOL 3 – 6 years of age FEATURES: Growth becomes slower More mature intelligence Strong desire for knowledge Imitating adult behavior Poor ability to identify damage Character forming HEALTH CARE: Enough nutrition Prevention of diseases Prevention of accident Good habit training

18. SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN 6 to 12 years of age FEATURES: Growth becomes relatively steady More mature intelligence developed Increasing desire for knowledge Decreasing incidence of diseases HEALTH CARE Enough nutrition Prevention of myopia and dental caries Prevention of problems in psychology emotion and behaviour

19. ADOLESCENTS 12 – 18 years FEATURES: The second fastest period of growth and development Neuroendocrine regulation unstable Having problems in psychology, emotion and behavior. HEALTH CARE: Enough nutrition Health care of adolescence education

20. THANK YOU