Presentation Ammar muhammadchinese .pptx

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1. Presentation ON Immunity against tumor

2. Name : AMMAR MUHAMMAD Chinese name : 高马尔 Student ID : 2022192109020 46 Major : Clinical Medicine

3. TOPIC : How to recognize mutation cells; How to eliminate tumor cells

4. TUMOR : A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are usually non-cancerous and don't spread, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues. Tumors can occur in various organs and tissues, and their characteristics and effects depend on the type and location

5. Immune monitoring : The immune system plays a crucial role in surveilling and combating tumors through mechanisms like cytotoxic T cells recognizing and destroying cancerous cells. Immunotherapy aims to enhance this immune response for more effective tumor control .

6. Recognition of mutated cells: Antigen Presentation :• Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like dendritic cells, ingest and process tumor cells. They present fragments of these tumor-specific antigens on their surface, acting as signals for the immune system. • T Cell Activation :• Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) play a crucial role. When they encounter APCs presenting tumor antigens, they become activated. This activation involves recognizing the presented antigens through their T cell receptors.

7. ELIMINATION OF TUMOR CELLS: Natural killer cells : Natural Killer cells, part of the innate immune system, can recognize and directly kill abnormal cells, including tumor cells, without prior sensitization. NK cells release perforin and granzymes as well, contributing to tumor cell destruction. Cytotoxic T cells : Cytotoxic T cells recognize specific antigens on the surface of tumor cells through their T cell receptors (TCRs). Once activated, they release cytotoxins like perforin and granzymes , inducing apoptosis (cell death) in the tumor cells.

8. Immunotherapies: Checkpoint inhibitors: Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that targets proteins on immune cells and cancer cells, preventing the cancer cells from evading immune attack. Examples include drugs like pembrolizumab and nivolumab . These inhibitors "release the brakes" on the immune system, allowing it to recognize and attack the cancer more effectively. Antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells. They can either trigger the immune system to attack the cancer directly or block signals that promote cancer growth.

9. CANCER VACCINES : Cancer vaccines are a form of immunotherapy that aims to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent infectious diseases, cancer vaccines are designed to treat existing cancer or prevent its recurrence. They can be categorized as preventive vaccines, targeting viruses associated with cancer, or therapeutic vaccines, which stimulate the immune system to attack specific cancer cells or antigens