Presentation-ferns-last_045122.pptxd3drdüdc

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1. or Pteridophyta

2. Pteridophyta division Plan General characteristics of division Polypodiopsida class, characteristics and representatives 3. Marsiliidae subclass 4. Salviniidae subclass

3. Termins Frond Fiddlehead Sorus Fern Indusium Annulus Sporocarp

4. General characteristics of Pteridophyta Since Pteridophyra have lignified xylem vessels and phloem vessels they belong to the vascular plants. Pteridophyta may also develop stems, often as rhizomes, true leaves, called frond , and simple roots. There are, however, no flowers in their life cycle, and thus they also lack fruits and seeds. Their sexual reproduction is done through spores. Pteridophyta have also a vegetative propagation path by means of rhizomes. Ferns first appear in the fossil record 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, after flowering plants came to dominate many environments .

5. Pteridophyta division (about 10 000 species) has 5 classes: Zygopteridopsida Cladoxylopsida Ophioglossopsida Marattiopsida Polypodiopsida

6. Polypodiopsida (ferns) class The class Polypodiopsida encompasses both wholly fossil and also living representatives, many of which have a long fossil history. The general features of the class can be summarized as follows: Sporophyte herbaceous or arborescent , in many forms rhizomatous. Leaves often compound ( megaphylls ). Vascular system of tracheids and phloem , usually lacking clearly defined secondary tissue. Sporangia borne on leaves Mostly homosporous ; a few (living and fossil) heterosporous . Gametophytes (known only in living forms) simple, usually autotrophic, lacking vascular tissue. Spermatozoids multiflagellate . Embryogeny typically endoscopic .

7. 1 = sorus (plural sori = clusters of sporangia), 2 = leaflet (part of the pinnate leaf), 3 = indusium (a scale protecting the sorus

8. Vertical section of sorus Dryopteris filix-mas .

9. A and B. Cross-section through a leaflet of a true fern 1 = frond, 2 = vascular bundle, 3 = sorus , 4 = indusium (protective scale), 5 = sporangia, 6 = sporangium wall, 7 = spores C. Detail of an entire spore D. Detail van a section through spores. E. Detail of the wall of a spore

10. Cyathea brownii

11. Division: Pteridophyta və ya Polypodiophyta Class: Polypodiopsida Subclass: Polypodiidae Order: Polypodiales Family: Polypodiaceae Genus: Dryopteris Species: Dryopteris filix mas

12. A - D. Prothallium with antheridia. Zoom view of antheria and sperms . A en B. 1 = antheridia, 2 = sperms in the antheridia C. Detail of sperms (with flagella) D. Detail of antheridia filled up with sperms A - D. Prothallium with archegonia Zoom view of prothallium , archegonia and egg cell A. Prothallium with archegonia B. Detail of archegonium in a cross-section ( zoom of archegoniuma , egg cell ) C. Detail of archegonia in upperview D. Detail of prothallium cells (photosynthetic active due to chloroplasts) 1 = prothallium , 2 = prothallium cells, 3 = rhizoids, 4 = archegonia, 5 = egg cell, 6 = neck canal cells, 7 = neck canal, 8 = chloroplasts inside prothallium cells, 9 = cel nucleus

13. Resting and feeding on the haploid gametophyte (indicated by G) the diploid embryo grows out into a young -diploid- sporophyte (indicated with S), which after some time will become the typical leaf sporophyte .

14. Division: Pteridophyta or Polypodiophyta Class: Polypodiopsida Subclass: Marsiliidae Order: Marsiliales Family: Marsiliaceae Genus: Marsilia Species: Marsilia guadrifolia

15. Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae . The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1656–1730). These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because the long-stalked leaves have four clover -like lobes and are either held above water or submerged. The sporocarps of some Australian species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori , eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization.

16. Salvinia natans (commonly known as floating fern, floating watermoss , floating moss, or commercially, Water Butterfly Wings) is an annual floating aquatic fern, which can appear superficially similar to moss. It is found throughout the world where there is plentiful standing fresh water, sunlight, and humid air, but is especially common in Africa, Asia, central Europe, and South America.

17. Characteristics S . natans has two nickel-sized leaves lying flat against the surface of the water, and a third submerged leaf which functions as a root. Flotation is made possible by pouches of air within the leaves. Spore cases form at the plant's base for reproduction.

18. Cuticular papillae on the leaves' surface keep water from interfering with the leaves' functioning, and serve to protect them from decay.

19. The leaves of S.natans block sunlight from reaching very far underwater. This is helpful to many freshwater fish, providing safe hiding places to breed in, but can interrupt the photosynthesis of many underwater plants. S.natans can eventually cover entire ponds or lakes without ecological competition, starving other plant species.