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1. VACCINE
AND
ITS TYPES
Presente
d
MyoTh
a
Ya Wai
A
Ye Sithu
A
Ye Htut

2. n
ts
n
and history Vaccines
V
accines
S
chedule for Vaccination

3. •Vaccine, is a suspension of weakene
d
or fragmented microbes or toxins or
antibodies or lymphocytes that is ad
m
primarily to prevent disease.
•A vaccine can confer Active immun
i
(Artificial active immunity) against
a
harmful agent by stimulating the Im
m
system to attack the agent.
•The term "vaccine" was derived in
1
the Edward Jenner's use of the term
"
pox" (Latin "variolae vaccinia").
•Edward Jenner was the pioneer of u
s
p
ox pustules to prevent small pox in
f
Vaccines

4. •Vaccines can be Prophylactic (exampl
e
p
revent or ameliorate the effects of a
fu
“wild” infection by a natural or patho
g
Therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against ca
n
being investigated).
•The administration of vaccines is call
e
Vaccination. Vaccination is the most
effective method of preventing infecti
o
diseases.
•Vaccination given during childhood i
s
generally safe. Adverse effects if any
a
generally mild.
Cont;

5. •Inactivated vaccines
•Live-attenuated vaccines
•DNA\RNA vaccines
•Subunit Vaccines
•Toxoid Vaccines
•Viral Vector Vaccines Types of Vaccine

6. •Vaccines of this type are created by in
a
a pathogen, typically using heat or che
m
such as formaldehyde or formalin. Thi
s
the pathogen’s ability to replicate, but
k
“intact” so that the immune system can
recognize it.
•Example Virus: Polio vaccine (Salk v
a
Hepatitis A vaccine, Rabies vaccine, Ja
p
Encephalitis vaccine and Influenza vac
c
Bacteria: Inactivated Typhoid vaccine,
Inactivated Cholera vaccine.
INACTIVATED OR
KILLED VACCINES

7. •Inactivated vaccines are further class
i
depending on the method used to inac
t
virus.
•They are -Whole virus and vaccines
a
virus vaccines.
•Whole virus vaccines use the entire vi
r
p
article, fully destroyed using heat, c
h
or radiation.
•Split virus vaccines are produced by
u
detergent to disrupt the virus.
Cont;

8. •Live Attenuated Vaccine (LAV) A vaccin
e
from living microorganisms that have be
e
weakened under laboratory conditions (T
i
culture, Embryonated eggs and Live ani
m
will grow and replicate in a vaccinated in
d
but because they are weak, they will caus
mild disease.
•Examples –Viral: Measles, Mumps & R
u
(MMR) (Combined vaccine) vaccine, In
fl
vaccine (nasal spray), Chicken pox Smal
l
vaccine, Oral Adenovirus vaccine, Oral P
vaccine (Sabin), Rotavirus vaccine, Shin
g
and Yellow fever vaccine. Bacterial: Baci Calmette Guerin (BCG).
Live Attenuated Vaccine

9. •In an Attenuated vaccine, live virus parti
c
very low virulence are administered. Th
e
reproduce, but very slowly. Since they d
o
and continue to present antigen beyond t
h
vaccination, boosters are required less o
ft
(Adjuvants).
•These vaccines are produced by growing
in Tissue cultures that will select for less
strains, or by Mutagenesis or Targeted d
e
genes required for virulence. There is a s
m
reversion to virulence; this risk is smalle
r
vaccines with deletions.
Administration of Attenu
Vaccine

10. •Activates all phases of the Immune sy
instance IgA local antibodies are prod
u
•Provides more durable immunity; boo
required less frequently (except OPV)
•Low cost and Quick immunity.
•Easy to administer (for instance OPV
f
can be taken orally, rather than requiri
n
injection by a trained health worker, a
s
inactivated form IPV dose).
•Vaccines have strong beneficial Non-
s
effects (The effects which go beyond
t
protective effects against the targeted
Advantages of Attenu
a
Vaccine

11. •Secondary mutation can cause a rever
s
virulence. For this reason, OPV is no l
o
used in the United States, and has been
on the Recommended Childhood Imm
u
Schedule by the Inactivated polio vacc
i
(IPV).
•Severe complications in Immunocom
p
patients.
•Some can be difficult to transport due t
o
requirement (e.g. Temperature) to mai
n
conditionsDisadvantages of
Attenuated Vaccines

12. •Subunit vaccines are vaccines that use
of the disease-causing virus.
•One part of the virus is responsible fo
r
disease. The part responsible for creati
n
is a protein, which we call the antigen.
vaccines can contain from 1 to 20 anti
g
are either taken directly from the virus, in the lab using the virus DNA.
•Some of the commonly used Subunit
v
Bacteria: Acellular Pertussis vaccine.
V
Hepatitis B Vaccine and Human Papill
o
(HPV) vaccine. Vaccines made using a
n
grown in the labSUBUNIT VACCINE

13. •An example of the Recombinant subu
n
is the Hepatitis B virus vaccine. The H
e
genes that code for the antigens were i
n
common Baker’s yeast. That yeast gre
w
expressed the genes and produced the
a
p
rotein. Scientists were then able to co
l
p
urify the protein antigen, which was
u
vaccine.
•Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (V
i
another Subunit vaccine (contains pol
y
linked to the Vi capsular antigen), in t
h
against Typhoid caused by the Typhi s
e
Salmonella. It is also called a Conjuga
t
in which a polysaccharideCont;

14. •Subunit vaccines can be given to peopl
e
weakened immune systems.
•These vaccines appear to give long-live
d
immunity.
•Since only parts of the virus are used fo
r
vaccines, the risks of reactions are very
l
Advantages of Subunit
Vaccines

15. •Several doses must be given for proper li
f
immunity
Disadvantages of Subunit Vaccines

16. •DNA vaccination is a technique for pr
o
against disease by injection with genet
i
engineered DNA (Plasmid DNA) so ce
l
p
roduce an antigen, producing protecti
v
immunological response. A
•Muscle cells take up the DNA and the
p
rotein antigen is expressed, leading to
Humoral antibody response and a Cell-
response.
•Several DNA vaccines are available f
o
Veterinary use. Currently no DNA vac
c
been approved for human use.DNA VACCINE

17. •A veterinary DNA vaccine to protect horses
Nile virus (SSRNA).
•An improved method for administering thes
e
entails coating microscopic gold beads with p
lasmid DNA and then delivering the coate
d
through the skin into the underlying muscle
w
gun (called a Gene gun).
•This will allow rapid delivery of a vaccine t
o
p
opulations without the requirement for hug
e
of needles and syringes.
•Research of DNA Vaccine is under way for
v
bacterial and parasitic diseases in humans, a
s
for several cancers.
Cont;

18. o
rinfection
resentationbybothMHCmolecules
e
velopmentandproduction
f
orstorageandshipping
m
persistenceofimmunogen
protein is expressed in the host in its natural form – there is no den
a
i
on.
t
ion is not required for the handling and storage of the plasmid DNA, a
w
ersthecostandcomplexityofdelivery.
c
inesalsoinducebothHumoralandCell-mediatedimmunity.
c
cines cause prolonged expression of the antigen, which generates
o
gical
Advantages of DNA Vaccines

19. •Limited to protein immunogens (not useful f
o
protein based antigens such as bacterial
polysaccharides).
•Risk of affecting genes controlling cell grow
t
•Possibility of inducing antibody production
a
DNA.
•Possibility of tolerance to the antigen (protei
n
produced.
•Potential for atypical processing of bacterial
parasite proteins.
Disadvantages of DNA Va
c

20. •Synthetic peptide vaccine is a vaccine co
n
mainly of 20 to 30synthetic peptides.
•Synthetic peptide vaccine are usually co
n
be safer than vaccines from microbial cu
l
Creating vaccines synthetically has the a
b
increase the speed of production. This is
e
important in the event of a pandemic.
•The world’s first synthetic vaccine was c
r
1982 from Diphtheria toxin by Louis Ch
e
(scientist) from the Pasteur Institute (Par
i
and Michael Sela from the Weizmann In
s
(Rehovot, Israel).
Synthetic Peptide Vacci
n

21. •Antigens are precisely defined and fre
e
unnecessary components which may b
e
associated with side effects.
•Stable and relatively cheap to manufa
c
quality assurance is required.
•Changes due to natural variation of th
e
be readily accommodated, which woul
great advantage for unstable viruses s
u
influenza.
•Less toxic.
•Production and quality control is very
s
Advantages of Synthet
i
Peptide Vaccines

22. •Synthetic peptides do not readily stim
u
cells.
•Synthetic peptides are not applicable t
viruses.
•May be less immunogenic than conve
n
inactivated whole –virus vaccines.
•Requires Adjuvant
•Fails to elicit Cell Mediated Immunit
y
Disadvantages of Synt
h
Peptide Vaccines

23. •A vaccine made of antibodies that see other
a
as the antigen and bind to it.
•Anti-idiotype vaccines can stimulate the bo
d
produce antibodies against tumor cells.
•Anti-idiotype antibody (Ab 2 ) is the anti-an
t
aiming at group-specific antigen epitope of t
h
region (V region) of the antibody molecule.
•Anti-idiotypic vaccines comprise antibodies
3D immunogenic regions, designated idioty
p
consist of protein sequences that bind to cell Idiotypes are aggregated into idiotypes spec
i
target antigen. An example of anti-idiotype-
a
Racotumomab.
ANTI-IDIOTYPE VACC
I

24. •Anti-idiotype antibody vaccine is a
n
of immune biologics which was dev
e
the late 1970s. It developed towards
areasandithadabigthroughinits
pr
ofvaccines,treatmentofcancerands
o
•Anti-idiotypes have many potential
viralvaccines, particularlywhen the
a
difficulttogroworhazardous.They
h
used to induce immunity against a w
i
of viruses, including Hepatitis B, Newcastle disease virus and Reovi
r
Polioviruses.
Cont;

25. •Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are
m
the toxins (harmful chemicals) from b
a
•Some bacteria that cause disease thro
u
releasing a protein called a toxin. Scie
n
inactivate these toxins in the lab using
called formalin and sterilized water,
w
completely safe to use in small quanti
t
human body.
•Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s calle
and it can no longer cause harm. The
b
how to fight off the bacteria’s natural
t
exposed to the toxoid through
TOXOIDS

26. •In international medical literature, the
T
p
reparation also as Anatoxin or Anatox
•Example for Toxoids or Toxoid vaccin
e
Diphtheria toxoid, toxoid and Botulis
m
•Toxoids can actually be considered kill
e
inactivated vaccines, but are sometime
s
their own category to highlight the fact
contain an inactivated toxin, and not a
n
inactivated form of bacteria.Cont;

27. Normal Schedule For Vaccination

28. nces and its types by Saajida Sultaana

30. Any Questions?