Presentation of gender economis 4.ppintx

Presentation

1. Lecture 4---Decent wok for all

2. Hierarchies of earnings and poverty risk

3. Poverty risk of households by sources of income

4. Addressing informality, reducing poverty and gender introducing the ‘3- V’ framework: Voice, Visibility and Validity’ (‘3- V’) The condition of ‘Visibility’ requires that the working poor, especially women in the informal economy are visible in labour force statistics. In respect of the condition of ‘Voice’, the working poor, especially women, in the informal economy, need a representative – and stronger – voice in the processes and institutions that determine economic policies and formulate the ‘rules of the (economic) game’.

5. The condition of ‘Validity’ refers to recognition and validation. The working poor, especially women, in the informal economy need legal identity and validity as workers and economic agents, and also need to be recognised as legitimate targets of policy.

6. Poverty cannot be reduced by expecting economic policies to generate employment and social policies to compensate the losers. Economic growth often fails to generate sufficient employment or decent employment, and compensation through social policies is seldom sufficient and often neglected altogether.

7. To be effective, strategies to reduce poverty and promote equality should be worker centred : that is, they must focus on the needs and constraints of the working poor, especially women, as workers , not only as citizens, as members of a vulnerable group, or as members of poor households. This requires pursuing an inclusive development policy process that includes the voices of the working poor and validates their contribution to the economy.

8. Decent work for all ILO set itself the challenge to achieve decent work for all, meaning opportunities for men and women to find productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and dignity. Commitment to achieving this outcome ‘for all’ implicitly extended the ILO’s reach from its traditional base of formal sector wage workers to include the informal economy.

9. Overall the indicators capture relevant dimensions of work quality and have the potential to be adequately applied to both formal and informal workers.

10. Seven dimensions of Decent Work 1. Labour market security: the ability to find and have work. 2. Employment security: security against loss of current work. 3. Job security: have an occupational niche and career prospects. 4. Work security: health and safety at work. 5. Skill reproduction security: opportunities to obtain and retain skills. 6. Income security: adequate income from work and social security benefits. 7. Representation security: protection of collective voice to represent rights at work

11. The informal economy is now also understood in terms of employment relations, and includes enterprises outside of the regulatory framework as well as employment relations which are not legally protected (Chen et al., 2004; ILO, 2002). The informal economy is therefore heterogeneous and this must be accounted for in considering work- based securities and decent work.

12. One key dimension of difference within the informal economy is employment status, which is often gendered. Employment status captures how one is employed – through what employment relations. Distinctions include being self- employed, salaried or a casual worker, with the latter including subcontracted homework. Measures of decent work must accommodate differences in employment status by gender to capture appropriately the breadth of experiences of work quality in the informal economy

13. The poor quality of work opportunities in the informal economy and high probability that informal workers will be poor are linked to the irregularity and variability of earnings from informal work. The prevalence of income irregularity and instability is associated with the extent of dependence embedded within employment and production relations. The extent of dependence is then associated with gender and employment status. In the informal economy it is the nature of the work itself, particularly the hierarchical relations often associated with particular employment status categories, and the ascribed characteristics of the workers, which forms the basis of the insecurities informal workers face