presentation of PATTERN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE.pptx

presentation of PATTERN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE.pptx

1. Presentation of PATTERN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE By fuaad ali ibraahim

2. Definition pattern of disease' means the frequency and distribution of diseases and their importance in causing sickness and death Many of the important diseases such as malnutrition and tuberculosis are preventable. Other diseases however, cannot be prevented and so only curative treatment can be used against them . The important aim with this non-preventable group is to prevent the person from dying and to limit the degree of disability that he may be left with for the rest of his life.

3. FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASES Some diseases tend to occur more frequently at certain ages and in particular groups of people. Some are more likely to occur in certain places in Tanzania and at particular times of the year. Thus the frequency of diseases can be described by referring to how often they occur in different people, in different places, and at different times.

4. Cont ….. Those diseases which are present the whole time in the community (e.g. tuberculosis and malnutrition) are called endemic. Those which can give rise to an unexpectedly large number of new cases (e.g. cholera and meningitis) are said to be epidemic. New cases of endemic diseases occur fairly regularly, but in epidemics the numbers of new cases (incidence) rise sharply. Sporadic diseases are those that occur occasionally and irregularly .

5. FREQUENCY IS THE NUMBER OF CASES OCCURRING IN A CERTAIN TIME Measles occurs in young children and 50 per cent of them have been infected by 18 months of age. It occurs widely throughout Africa, in the rural and urban areas . Measles is also likely to become epidemic for no apparent reason. Malaria is a rather complex disease. It is endemic in most parts of Africa, but malaria endemicity is subdivided according to whether transmission occurs all the year round ( holoendemic ), occurs at a high rate most of the year ( hyperendemic ), or only occurs at low rates ( hypoendemic ).

6. WHICH DISEASES ARE IMPORTANT? The importance of a disease in a community can be indicated by a combination of the following three factors: • The number of new cases that occur or may occur — incidence • The average duration of the illness — duration • And how much disability and death it causes — seriousness

7. IMPORTANT AND PREVENTABLE DISEASES SHOULD HAVE A HIGH PRIORITY INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF DISEASES The number of new cases or events occurring over any specified period of time is called incidence. Examples are new cases of tuberculosis diagnosed in one year, or the number of pregnant mothers registered for the first time (new attendees) at the MCH clinics in one week .

8. INCIDENCE MEASURES NEW CASES DURING A PERIOD OF TIME Incidence is the best measure of what changes are occurring in the disease pattern, or in the use that people are making of the services, or both. The total number of cases at a particular point in time is called the prevalence . For example The total number of patients on the tuberculosis register who were being treated on 1 January will show the prevalence of diagnosed tuberculosis.

9. PREVALENCE MEASURES ALL CASES AT ONE POINT IN TIME The differences between incidence and prevalence can be summarized : Incidence shows the number of new cases over an Interval of time. It is usually used to record Intense, short-lived diseases . Prevalence shows the total number of cases at one Point in time. It is usually used to record Protracted or chronic diseases.

10. 5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

11. 5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. Vital Statistics These include birth , death , marriage , and divorce records. Vital statistics are essential for calculating mortality and fertility rates, understanding population changes, and identifying trends in causes of death or birth-related health outcomes . 2. Epidemiological Studies These include studies like cohort studies , case-control studies , and cross-sectional studies . They help track disease incidence, identify risk factors, and establish causal relationships between health behaviors, environmental factors, and disease outcomes.

12. CONT…. . Health Surveys Surveys such as national health surveys (e.g., National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey – NHANES) provide information on health behaviors, risk factors, chronic conditions, and access to healthcare. These surveys offer insights into the overall health status of populations. Medical Records and Health Databases Data from hospital records , clinics , and electronic health records (EHRs) can be analyzed to identify trends in disease occurrence, treatment outcomes, and healthcare utilization. These records often contain detailed information on disease patterns, patient demographics, and comorbidities.

13. CONT….. 5. Disease Registries Disease-specific registries, such as cancer registries or infectious disease registries , track the incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of particular diseases. They are valuable for studying patterns and trends in specific diseases over time and across regions.

14. THANK YOU ALL