Presentation on Brinjal Breeding

Brinjal breediing

1. WELCOME WELCOME

2. BReedinG of BRINJAL Presen ted by Mr. Padalkar Dattatraya Aba Jr. M.Sc. Horticulture in Vegetable Science

3. i ntroduction Brinjal or eggplant ( Solanum melongena L., 2n=2x=24) is one of the most important and widely grown vegetable in Asia. Among the solanaceous vegetables, brinjal is extensively grown in India and is very popular among people of all social strata, grown in both home and market gardens throughout the year except the higher altitudes. Brinjal has been cultivated in India for last 4000 years. It is commonly known as Egg plant.

4. Origin and distribution A. Decandolle has mentioned India as the place where eggplant was known since ancient times and regarded it as a native of Asia. According to N.I. Vavilov , the eggplant originated in the Indo- Myanmar (Burma ) Region. Distribution Bangladesh, Pakistan, China and Philippines. It is also popular in Egypt, France, Italy and United State and several African countries.

5. Systemic position Kingdom - Plantae Class - Magnoliopsida Subclass - Asteridae Order - Solanales Family - Solanaceae Genus - Solanum Edible spacies - Solanum melongena Binomial name - Solanum melongena Chromosome no. - 2n= 24 (36,48) TAXONOMY

6. importance Important popular vegetable crop. The immature tender fruits are mainly used for cooked vegetables. The fruits are used for making pickles. The nutritive value of brinjal is quite high contains vit -A,B and C. Used in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines. Medicinal properties Diabetic patients Liver complaints

7. botany Brinjal is an annual herbaceous plant. Inflorescence is often solitary but sometimes is constitutes a cluster of 2-5 flowers. Solitary or clustering nature of inflorescence is varietal character. Flower is complete, actinomorphic and hermaphrodite.

8. Calyx is five lobed, gamosepalous, and persistent. It forms a cup like structure at the base. Carolla is five lobed, gamopetalous with margins of lobes incurved. There are five stamens which are free and inserted at the throat of carolla . Anther are cone shaped, free and with apical dehiscence. Ovary is a hypogenous, bicarpellary, syncarpous and with basal placentation.

9. In brinjal, heterostyly is a common feature. Four types of flowers have been reported depending on the length of styles, viz. Long styled ( big ovary) Medium styled ( medium ovary) Pseudo short styled (rudimentary ovary) True short styled (very rudimentary ovary) (a) (b) (c) (d)

10. Fruit setting in long styled flowers normally varies from 70-85 % Medium styled flowers flower varies from 12-55 % The non-fruit setting flowers consist of short styled flowers in which androecium is fertile but stigma is smaller with underdeveloped papillae.

11. fruit Borne singly or in clusters, shape varies like ovoid, oblong, long, cylindrical and fleshy. Colour purple, purple black, light green, yellowish.

12. Flower biology Anthesis and Anther Dehiscence Flower generally emerge 40-45 days after transplanting, and open mainly in morning. Full bloom is observed 80 days after planting. The whole period of effective flowering lasts for 75 days. Anthesis in brinjal flower normally starts 5.35 AM and continues up to 7.35 AM with peak at 6.05 AM in August-September and usually between 9.30 to 11.15 AM during winter December-January.

13. Whereas, the pollen dehiscence begins 30 minutes after anthesis . It is commences at 6 AM and continue upto 8.00 AM with the maximum at 6.35 AM . Anther dehisce usually 15-20 minutes after flower bud had opened. Both anthesis and dehiscence depends upon the day light, temperature, cultivar and humidity.

14. emasculation Removal of male organs from flower. Use sharp- pointed forceps to force open the selected buds. Then split open the anthers and remove them.

15. pollination Eggplant is usually self- pollinated but the extend of cross pollination has been reported as high as 29% and hence it is classified as often cross pollinated or facultative cross pollinator. Pollination is mainly done by wind and insects (many bees, butterflies and moths)

16. Qualitative genes Trait Genetics Hypocotyl colour Purple dominant over green, monogenic Stem colour Purple dominant over green, monogenic Spines Presence of spines dominance over absence, monogenic Plant height Tall dominant over dwarf, monogenic Fruit colour Fruit dominant over green, green dominant over white, monogenic, digneic , trigenic Fruit shape Elongated dominant over round, round dominant over oval,3-4 gene control Fruit flesh colour Green dominant over white, monogenic Bearing habit Clustering dominant over solitary fruiting, single gene Male sterility ms1 and ms2 Style erectness Incurved dominant over straight, monogenic Bacterial wilt Single dominant gene for resistance

17. Breeding objectives High yield Earliness Fruit shape, size and colour as per costumers performance Low proportion Soft flesh Lower solanine content Upright strudy plant free from lodging

18. Resistance to : Bacterial wilt ( Pseudomonas solanacearum ) Phomopsis blight ( Phomopsis vexans ) Little leaf (Mycoplasma like bodies) Root knot nematodes Shoot and fruit borer Jassids Epilachna beetle

19. Breeding methods Pureline selection Pedigree method Bulk method Modified pedigree (single seed descent) Combination of bulk and pedigree methods Backcrossing Heterosis breeding

20. Pureline selection Pureline selection is applicable to land laces/heterogeneous materials collected from farmers field. In this method original stock seed is space planted, preferably in wilt sick plot. Individual plant are examined at full fruiting stage and superior individual plants based on earliness, fruit shape, size, colour, yield (visual estimate) plant type, resistant to pest/diseases are selected and harvested separately.

21. Next year individual plant progenies (10 m long, 3 rows) are planted and uniform progenies with desirable traits are selected and seeds of plants within a selected progeny row are bulked and a new line is thus constituted for further traits. In case some individual plant progenies show segregation, individual plant selection may be repeated.

22. pedigree In pedigree method individual plants are selected in segregating generations from a cross on the basis of their desirability judged individually and on the basis of pedigree record. Selection of parental cultivar is crucial for the success of this method. The parental line selected are usually superior lines lacking in a few desirable trait only and of better general combining ability. Such lines in eggplant are as follows: Pusa purple long, Pusa purple cluster, Pant samrat , Pant rituraj , PH 4, Pusa kranti , KT 4, Azad kranti , H 7, Hissar Shyamal (H 8), Jamuni Gola , Punjab Barsati , NDB 25, BB 7, BWR 12.

23. Backcross Backcross should normally be followed to transfer genes conferring resistance to diseases, for example, bacterial w ilt resistance which has been shown to be under a single dominant gene.

24. Modified pedigree (Single seed descent) Single seed descent method is a selection procedure in which F2 plants and their progeny are advanced by single seed from each plant until genetic purity is virtually attained i.e. up to F6 after which the same procedure is applied as applicable under pedigree method. Under this even poor crop can be advanced to the next generation because a few seeds are collected from each plant without exercising any selection.

25. Heterosis Considerable heterosis for fruit yield, Quality and resistance to diseases has been reported in eggplant. F1 hybrids are becoming popular day by day where manual emasculation and pollination are very much in practical use.

26. A few combinations found promising and worth exploiting on commercial scale are as follows: Pusa purple long × Pant s amrat Pusa purple long × NDB 225 Pant s amrat × NDB 225 Pusa purple long × Punjab bahar Pant samrat × Punjab barsati Black long × Pusa purple long PH 4 × S 16 Ludhiana local long × Pusa purple long Ludhiana local long × PH 4 Pusa purple cluster × Pusa kranti

27. Biotechnology Fruit and shoot borer i.e. Leucinodes arbonalis being the most destructive pest in brinjal crop, efforts have been made to develop insect resistance brinjal varieties by incorporating c ry1 Ac gene in brinjal from a bacterium mainly Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly known as Bt Brinjal . The Bt brinjal developed by Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company Limited containing cry1 Ac gene is in the advanced stages of large scale field evaluation.

28. MAHYCO also has transferred Bt brinjal technology to public sector institutions viz. TNAU, Coimbatore; UAS, Dharwad and IIVR Varanasi, who has successfully backcrossed event EE1 into locally adopted open pollinated brinjal varieties. The technology has been also transferred to institute of Plant Breeding of the University of Philippines. NRC on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi has also developed Bt Brinjal by incorporating Cry1 gene into brinjal .

29. Seed production Isolation distance Breeder/ foundation seed - 200 m Certified seed – 100 m

30. Varieties IARI, New Delhi Pusa Purple long Pusa Purple cluster Pusa K ranti Pusa Hybrid 6 Pusa B hairav Pusa A nupam Pusa uttam Pusa upkar Pusa bindu Pusa Hyb . 5 Pusa Hyb . 6 Pusa Hyb . 9

31. IIHR, Bangalore Arka Navneet Arka Kasumakar GBPUAT, Pantnagar Pant Samrat Pant Rituraj Pant Brinjal Hybrid 1 Pant Brinjal 4 PAU, Ludhiana Jamuni Gola Baingan Punjab Barsati PH 4 Punjab Neelam PU

32. TNAU, Coimbatore COBH.2 (2002) It is hybrid between EP-65 × P usa Uttam , fruits are medium size slightly oblonged and gloosy violet in colour. Avg. yield 58 tons/ha. COBH.1 (2001) It is hybrid between EP-45 × CO2, fruits are dark voilet in colour. Yield about 56 tons/ ha.

33. MPKV, Rahuri Krishna Krishna is fuji hybrid, developed by MPKV, Rahuri . For western Maharashtra. Egg shaped spiny purple coloured fruit. Resistance to lodging. Avg. yield 480 q/ha. Manjari Gota Develoed by selection from a local germplasm collected from village Manjari near Pune and released by MPKV, Rahuri in 1965 for western Maharashtra. Fruits round purple. Avg. yield 250 q/ ha. Pragati Developed by selection from a cross Vaishali × Manjari gota and released in 1988. fruit are egg shaped purple colour. Resistant to lodging. Duration 180- 190 days. Avg. yield 350 q/ha.

34. Vaishali Developed by selection from cross Manjari gota × Arka Kusumakar and released by MPKV, Rahuri in 1995 . Phule Harit Developed by employing pureline selection avg. weight 190 g, fruit length 16.2 cm fruit colour is green with white stripes at the tip. Avg. yield 330 q/ha. Phule Arjun (RBH-9) Higher yield, fruits are oval, thorny, attractive green in colour with purple and white stripes, suitable for kharif and summer season. Released by MPKV, Rahuri in 2011.

35. PDKV, Akola Aruna Fruits are oval in shape and violet in colour. Avg. yield 360 to 385 q/ha in kharif . 200 to 225q/ ha summer in season. VNMAU, Parbhani Anuradha Shining and attractive fruit colour (purple and strips). Fruits are born in cluster with spines on fruits leaves and stems . ABV-1 It has erect plant habits with faint purple stem colour and dark green leaves. Fruits are small (50 g/fruit), round, green, purple strips and spines on calyx. Avg. yield 250 q/ha.

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