presentation on chickpea

chickpea is a major pulse crop grown in india about 8.8 million hactare

1. Presentation on chickpea Presented by : S unil K umar Dept. of Agronomy UAS B engaluru

2. Content Introduction Importance Area production and productivity classification Botany Climatic condition Soil and field preparation Others cultivation practices

3. Introduction Pulses are an important source of stable protein food for the poor and the vegetarians which constitute a major population of the country India’s outstanding contribution towards total global acreage and production of pulses at 35 % & 27 % respectively India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses accounting about 27 % of the total production and about 30 % of the total consumption in the world .

4. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for adult male and female is 60 g and 55 g per day respectively. The per capita availability of pulses is @ 42 g per day Worldwide area under pulse production was 79 mha area with the average production of 72 mt having The world average yield was 910 kg/ha (2013-14).

5. Chickpea Botanical Name – Cicer arietinum Synonym – Chickpea, Bengalgram , Chana and Gram Origin – South West Asia – probably Afganisthan and/or Persia . C hromosome no. – 2n = 16 Family - Leguminoseae . ( paplionacious )

6. Nutritive value Protein – 18-22 % Calcium – 280 mg/100 g Carbohydrate - 61-62% Iron – 12.3 mg/100 g Fat – 4.5 % Phosphorus – 301 mg/100 g

7. Most important pulse crop of India contributing about 30 % of total pulse acreage and about 40 % of total pulse production of the nation consumed as ‘Dal’ (split cotyledons ) attractive dishes viz – sweets, snacks and namkeen are also prepared from its flour called besan . Straw of gram is an excellent fodder while both husk and bits of ‘Dal’ are valuable cattle feed. Leaves consist of mallic and citric acid and are very useful for stomach ailments and blood purifier

8. Area & Production world chickpea production reached 13.3 million tons in 2013 and 14.2 million tons in 2014 Six countries including India, Australia, Turkey , Myanmar, Pakistan and Ethiopia account for about 90% of world chickpea production . Agronomic significance : Leaving about 30-50 kgN /ha for successive crops, especially cereals. Intercrop cereals also get benefited through ‘N’ supplied by way of fixation in gram

9. Global scenario of area and production AREA PRODUCTION

10. Area production and productivity The total area and production of gram during twelfth Plan was 8.88 million hectares and 8.50 mill. tonnes respectively . Madhya Pradesh ranked first contributing an area of (34.32% and 39.47 % of total area and production of country), followed by Rajasthan (16.64 % and 14.99%) and Maharashtra (16.09 % and 12.95).

11. Classification Desi or Brown Gram ( Cicer arientinum Colour of seed coat ranges yellow to dark brown Good branching ability Seed size are small widely cultivated group in India (90% of total world). Kabuli or White Gram ( Cicer kabulium ) Colour of seed coat white with bold and attractive Plants are taller than desi Patels are white to pale cream which lack anthocyanin poor branching

12. Botany of chickpea Petals are generally purple in desi type contain high amount of anthocyanin pigment Stems are branched primary branches may vary from 1 to 8 covered with fine glandular hairs Leaves are pinnately compound covered with glandular hairs. maximum height of 45-60 cm

13. Seeds are spherical in shape, wrinkled or smooth with a pointed beak. Its head is similar to chicken’s head with a characteristic ‘beak’ hence called as chickpea.

14. Flowers are typical Papilionaceous consisting of five sepals, five petals (consists of one standard , two wings and two keels ), ten stamens (nine fused to form one staminal column and one free Inflorescence - axillary, racemes Anthesis takes place between 9 am to 3 pm . Self- fertilization

15. Climate Being a winter season legume, it requires fairly cold and dry climate but severe cold and frost are injurious to it Frost at flowering results failure flowers to develop seeds Av. Annual rainfall 60-90cm Excessive rains soon after sowing or at flowering and fruiting or hailstorms at ripening cause heavy loss Temp* 18-23

16. Soil and field preparation wide range of soils viz light sandy loam to moderately heavy loam in north to black cotton soils of Central Platue . sandy loams to clay loam soil, free from excessive salt and neutral in reaction with drainage facility, are best for gram soil pH should not b more than 8.5

17. Chick pea is highly sensitive to soil aeration A rough seedbed is required for chick pea Very fine and compact seedbed is not good for chick pea requires a loose and well aerated seedbed

18. Varieties S. no. variety characters 1 Avrodhi 150‐ 155 days, This variety is resistant to wilt disease, 25‐ 30 quintals per hectare. 2 Gaurav 140‐ 145 days, moderately resistant to rust and blight Diseases, 25‐ 30 quintals per hectare 3 JG ‐ 315 145‐ 150 days, growing in rainfed , resistant to wilt disease, 25‐ 30 quintals per hectare. 4 Annegri ‐ 1 : (100 days) developed from a selection in Karnataka. 10‐ 15 quintals per hectare . 5 Karnal channa Resistant to salinity 6 DCP 92-3 Lodging risistant karnataka : BDN 9-3 , ICCV -10, ICCV-2, Annegiri - 1 , JG -315, JG-11 Etc .

19. Seed & sowing second fortnight of October For peninsular India, first fort night of October is the best time for chick pea sowing early sown crop suffers more from wilt owing to high temperature at that time seed rate of 75‐ 100 kg per hectare row spacing of 30‐ 45 and plant spacing is 10-15cm treated with 0.25 per cent Thiram or Carbendazim

20. Manure and fertilizer Chick pea being a leguminous crop fulfils the major part of its nitrogen requirement. fertilizer dose is 15-20 kg N as starter dose, 40kg phosporous. About 5 tonnes FYM or compost. fertilizers are drilled in furrows at a depth of 7‐ 10 centimeters

21. Common weeds Chenopodium album Fumaria parviflora Vicia sativa Melilotus alba Lathyrus aphaca Euphorbia jeniculata

22. weeding or inter culture with hand hoe or wheel hoe after 25‐ 30 days . Fluchloralin (Basalin) 1 kg per hectare in 800 ‐ 1000 liters of water as pre‐ planting spray may be used as an effective herbicide

23. Water Management Chick pea is mostly sown as a rainfed crop pre‐ sowing irrigation ensure proper germination and smooth growth Irrigation required at pre ‐ flowering stage and one at pod development stage .

24. Pest and disease management Chickpea wilt Rust Ascochyta blight Seed treatment with thiram @2.5g/kg seed Spray the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb 72wp wilt Rust Ascochyta blight

25. Cutworm Gram pod borer Spray monocrotophos 36EC @ 2% at pod development stage

26. Harvesting and threshing

27. Yield well managed crop yields about 20‐ 25 quintals of grain per hectare which is about three to four times higher than the national average.