Presentation on construction management.pptx

Civil

1. Ministry of Higher Education Kabul Polytechnic University Construction Faculty Construction Management Department Water Efficiency(recycle or treatment, fixture to reduce water consumption) Instructor: Professor Dr M/ Najim Wahidi Prepared by: Erfanullah Alkozai Year: 2024

2. Table of Content Executive summary Introduction Findings Recycle of water Recycle Benefits Conclusion Recommendations Reference Appendices

3. Executive summary According to the UN World Water Development Report, over the past 100 years, global water use has increased. Increasing human demand for water coupled with the effects of climate change mean that the future of water supply is not secure. Billion people do not have safe drinking water. In addition, there are changes in climate, population growth, and lifestyles. The changes in human lifestyle and activities require more water per capita. This creates competition for water among agricultural, industrial, and human consumption.

4. Introduction Water efficiency is the practice of reducing water consumption by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and is proportionate to the amount of essential water used. Water efficiency differs from water conservation in that it focuses on reducing waste, not restricting use.

5. … Solutions for water efficiency not only focus on reducing the amount of potable water used but also on reducing the use of non-potable water where appropriate (e.g. flushing toilet, watering landscape, etc.). It also emphasizes the influence consumers can have on water efficiency by making small behavioral changes to reduce water wastage, and by choosing more water-efficient products. Water efficiency helps protect our aquifers and the supply of renewable fresh water.

6. … The goals of the water efficiency credits are to: Reduce the quantity of water needed for a buildings and landscaping Reduce municipal water use Reduce the need for treatment of waste water

7. … Water-use efficiency rose from 17.3 USD/m3 in 2015 to 18.9 USD/m3 in 2018 worldwide representing a 10 percent increase in efficiency. However, global values hide regional differences. The proportion of countries generating water-use efficiency results over the global value of each year varied from 45 percent in 2015 to 46 percent in 2018.

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9. Recycle Water reclamation or recycling primarily makes non-potable wastewater useful, thus saving the economic and environmental costs related to establishing new water supplies. Water recycling and reuse is the process of collecting, treating and using wastewater, particularly from municipalities, industry and agriculture. The recycled water can be used for irrigation or industrial purposes, as well as domestic purposes if properly treated. In some cases, treated wastewater is indirectly used for drinking purposes, for example by injecting it into groundwater aquifers to increase capacity and minimize salt water intrusion. Water recycling and reuse is an important adaptation response to climate change as the increasingly unpredictable weather patterns and their effects, for example as severe droughts and sea level rise, are likely to have negative consequences on freshwater resource quantity and quality.

10. Recycle Benefits Environmental Benefits: Retains wastewater for reuse, instead of it being discharged into the environment and potentially polluting ecosystems. Saves energy otherwise required to extract or transport freshwater to the area. Recharges groundwater, avoiding freshwater resource degradation and salinization Socioeconomic Benefits: Increases water availability for potentially water stressed or arid areas. Provides an easily accessible water source to economic sectors such as industry and agriculture, promoting economic development and food production. Improves the quality of agriculture through use of valuable nutrients extracted from the wastewater. Diversifies water sources, which increases climate resilience .

11. Conclusion Increase in human growth and lifestyle creates competition for water among agricultural, industrial, and human consumption. Water reclamation or recycling primarily makes non-potable wastewater useful, thus saving the economic and environmental costs related to establishing new water supplies. Water use efficiency is the way to reuse water. There are changes in climate, population growth, and lifestyles.

12. Recommendations Residential Turning off the faucet sink while brushing teeth — saves approximately five gallons (about 19 liters) of water Installing faucet aerators Fixing a water valve leakage Only running the dishwasher and washing machine with a full load Taking a shower instead of a bath Washing fruits and vegetables in a bowl rather than the tap water Using leftover water for houseplants Using a watering can or garden hose with a trigger nozzle instead of a sprinkler Using a bucket and sponge when washing a car Washing clothes and linens in a washing machine rather than washing them by hand

13. … Manufacturers Identifying and eliminating wastage (such as leaks) Changing processes and plant machinery. Waterless products Using waterless car wash products to wash cars, boats, motorcycles, and bicycles. This could save up to 150 U.S. gallons (570 L) of water per wash.

14. … Utilities Implementing a water-loss management program (e.g. locate and repair leaks). Universal metering. Equipment changes — setting a good example by using water-efficient equipment. Installing faucet aerators and low-flow shower heads in municipal buildings. Replacing worn-out plumbing fixtures, appliances, and equipment with water-saving models. Minimizing the water used in space cooling equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations Encouraging the use of urinals instead of toilet stalls in school (boys') and work office (men's) restrooms.

15. Reference FAO. 2018. Progress on Water-use Efficiency: Global Baseline for SDG 6 Indicator 6.4.1 2018. Rome LEED FAO, IFAD, WFP & WHO. 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets [online]. Rome. [Cited 13 August 2021] Article Water Efficiency and Management in Sustainable Building Rating Systems

16. Appendices Sources and further information Armstrong, A., Bartram, J., Lobuglio , J. and Elliot, M. ( n.d. ). Water reclamation and reuse.ClimateTechWiki . Available at: http://www.climatetechwiki.org/content/water-reclamation-and-reuse Davis, R. and Hirji , R. (Eds.) (2003). Water Resources and Environment Technical Note F.3 Wastewater Reuse. The World Bank. Available at: http ://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/895081468327547331/pdf/263250NWP0REPL13010Wastewater0Re use.pdf EPA (2016). Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/

17. … European Climate Adaptation Platform (2015). Water Recycling (2015). European Environment Agency. Available at: http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/water-recycling O’Donohue , M. ( n.d. ). Water Recycling - Trends, Challenges and Responses (PowerPoint slides). Australian Water Recycling, Center of Excellence. Available at: http://www.lgnsw.org.au/files/imceuploads/48/1. Mark_ODonohue.pdf Queensland Water Supply Regulator (2008). Water quality guidelines for recycled water schemes. Queensland Water Supply Regulator, Water Supply and Sewerage Services, Department of Energy and Water Supply, the State of Queensland. Available at: https://www.dews.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/45172/water-qualityguidelines.pdf

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