Presentation on economic aspect of wheat cultivation

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1. Welcome and Namaste

2. ECONOMICS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN KANCHANPUR, NEPAL Presentation on Presenter: Dhiraj Mahara Exam Roll: 1335 AFU, Rampur, Chitwan Intern, AKC, Kanchanpur

3. Advisory committee : Major supervisor Asst. Prof. Udit Prakash Sigdel Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology Agriculture and Forestry University Site supervisor Kamal Nayan Pant Extension Officer Agriculture Knowledge Centre, Kanchanpur

4. Introduction Background Information Statement of Problem Rational e of Study Objectives Literature Review Methodology Result s and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgement Some Glimpse of the Study Outline Of Presentation

5. Introduction Background Information Wheat ( Triticum spp .) is a cereal grain, originated from the South West Asia, but now cultivated worldwide. It has been described as the “King of Cereal”. It can be grown from below sea level to 5000 m altitude and in areas where rainfall ranges between 300-1130 mm ( Kumar,et al., 2014). World production of wheat was 778 Million metric tons (Statista,2021) In Nepal, wheat occupied 711,067 ha with production of 2,127,276 MT with an average productivity of 2.5 MT per ha in fiscal year 2020/21, the cultivation area was going decline from few years in Nepal ( MoALD , 2021). The local varieties of Wheat cultivated in Kanchanpur are Bijaya , Gautam

6. Statement of Problem Farmers have limited resources for production and farming was subsistence. Per capita availability of wheat land is decreasing day by day due to growing rural population. Average farm holding decreased from 0.95 ha/ hh in 1991 to 0.66 ha/ hh in 2011( Tripathi , 2019). Various studies indicated that about 35-40 percent pre and post-harvest losses were caused by pests in Nepal (FAO, 2004) . No any calculation about the input and output during the production process which hampers the economy of wheat production.

7. Rational of the study Kanchanpur has huge potential for wheat cultivation To identify the various

8. Objectives General objective The general objective of the study was to assess the economics of wheat production in Kanchanpur district of Nepal Specific objectives To assess the socio-economic characterstic of the population To estimate benefit cost of wheat production at farm level To find out major problems in wheat production.

9. 2. Literature Review Literatures on following heading were reviewed:- Botany Trend analysis of wheat production Packages of practices/technologies in wheat Concept of economics Cost of production

10. 3. Materials and Methodology Longitude-80°20′E Latitude -28°50′N Elevation - 176m Climate - Tropical Rainfall - 1200mm Figure: Map of Nepal showing my study site Source: ArcGIS 10.8.2 Experimental site details:

11. Reasons for site selection: Sites were major site for wheat production in Kanchanpur These sites properly represent whole district Easily acessable Sampling Procedure : The 3 municipality Bheemdatta , Belauri and Krishnapur were purposively selected. 90 wheat growers were selected 30 from each municipality via simple random sampling procedure.

12. Data types Primary Data Collected from direct interview, HH survey, KII, FGD The survey was done by interviewing the selected farmers and by visiting the door to door of wheat growers. Secondary Data - Collected by reviewing different publication f ro m government and non government organization and co- operatives, report from national organizations MOALD, PMAMP, ADS, CBS, AKC etc.

13. Data analysis methods Data were collected, coded and entered in MS- EXCEL and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 Descriptive statistics was employed to calculate frequency, mean and standard deviation Preferential ranking of problem faced during wheat production faced by wheat growers Indexing was computed by using following formula, I prob = Σ S i F i /N Where, I prob = Index value for intensity Σ = Summation S i = Scale value of i th intensity f i = Frequency of i th response N = Total number of respondents  

14. 4. Results and Discussion Gender Frequency Percent Female 14 12.2 Male 76 87.8 Total 90 100.0 Age categories Below 31 19 19.50 31-49 58 67.10 Above 49 13 13.40 Ethnicity Brahmin 37 42.7 Chhetri 20 22.0 Janjati 30 34.1 Others 3 1.2 Source: Field Survey, 2023 Table 1: Demography and socio-economic information of respondents

15. Illitrate Basic Secondary College Figure 1: Bar diagram on educational level of respondents Source: Field Survey, 2023 Results and Discussion

16. Family Size Frequency   Small family(<5) 54(65.9)   Large family(>5) 28(34.1)   Mean 6.73   Standard deviation 3.669   Range 24   Figure in parentheses represents percentage   Source: Field Survey, 2023 Table 2 Distribution of Family size of household head Gender Frequency Mean ± SD Total Male 300(54.54) 3.66±1.814 Total Female 252(45.46) 3.07±2.136 Total 552(100) 6.73±3.950 Figure in parentheses represents percentage Source: Field Survey, 2023 Table 3 Distribution of gender in household Results and Discussion

17. 70 60 59.8 40 35.4 30  20 1   4.8 Agriculture Non-farm business Major Source of income Remittance Figure 2. Distribution of major source of household income   Figure 3:Distribution of economically active population Results and Discussion Source: Field Survey, 2023 Source: Field Survey, 2023

18. Results and Discussion Figure 4:Distribution of household based on land under wheat cultivation Source: Field Survey, 2023

19. Results and Discussion Figure 5 :Seed rate used by respondents Figure 6 :Improved Seed used by respondents Source: Field Survey, 2023

20. Table 4: Knowledge on Modern wheat cultivation Knowledge on Modern wheat cultivation Frequency Yes 39(40.2) No 51(59.8) Source of knowledge Frequency   Agriculture knowledge center 27(72.73)   From progressive farmer 6(9.09)   Training, Survey 6(18.18)   Total 39(100)   Figure in parentheses represents percentage   Source: Field Survey, 2023 Table 5: Source on knowledge of modern wheat cultivation   Results and Discussion

21.   Parameter Cost per hectare Seed 3831.67 Urea 2858.50 DAP 3642.40 MOP 1221.60 Zinc 3501.03 Pesticides 197.06 Electricity/Diesel/Petrol for irrigation 1439.33 Total 16,691.59 Table 6: Cost of inputs Results and Discussion Parameter Cost per hectare Machinery cost (Tillage, land preparation and 10,034.01 Threshing cost) Labor cost ( Planting,   39,348.82 Irrigation management, Weeding, Harvesting)   Total 49,382.83 Table 7: Cost of agronomic practices Source: Field Survey, 2023

22. Return Mean per hectare Wheat production 40.90 quintal Rate of wheat Rs 2200 per quintal Rs89,988.85 Bran production 0.8 quintal Rate of bran Rs 1800 per quintal Bran Rs 1,440 Wheat grains Total Rs 91,428.85 Results and Discussion Table 8 :Total return from wheat production Source: Field Survey, 2023

23. Results and Discussion Total cost of production = Rs 66,073.83   Total return from the production = Rs 91,428.85 Gross Margin = Rs 23,915.02 B:C ratio = 1.36

24. Results and Discussion Table 9: P roblem of wheat production Production problems Index Rank Lack of quality seed and fertilizer 0.81 I Disease, Insect-pests management 0.59 II Lack of technology 0.58 III Pricing 0.56 IV Irrigation 0.45 V Source: FGD 2023  

25. Agronomic Practice Mean male required per hectare Mean female required per hectare Seedling Preparation 2(66.6)     1(33.3)     Tillage and land preparation 4(80)     1(20)     Planting 2(14)     12(85)     Irrigation Management 3(75)     1(25)     Weeding 0(0)     11(100)     Fertilizers/Herbicide/Insecticide application Harvesting 1(100)     4(23.5)     0(0)     13(76.64)     Threshing 5(62.5)     3(37.5)     Transportation 3(100)     0(0)     Total 24(36.36)     42(63.63)     Table 10 of Gender Participation in production process Source: Field Survey, 2023 Figure in parentheses represents percentage

26. 5. Conclusion The benefit cost ratio of wheat in the study area was 1.36 which indicates wheat is a profitable crop in the area and thus wheat cultivation needs to be promoted The need to decrease fertilizers use and decrease the number of tillage, opening a door for conservation agriculture Involvement of female in the production process of wheat is comparatively higher Various socioeconomic factors like age, gender, ethnicity, training, extension service played significant role in adoption of improved agriculture practices and technologies highlighting the needs of awareness, trainings and proper extension programs in the area.

27. 6. Recommendation for further research The comparative profitability analysis of wheat with other winter crops for study of comparative advantage can be the topic for further research. Study of subsidies on various inputs and its effect can be further studied. This study focused on the economics of production of wheat only. New researcher could study on marketing aspects of wheat also. As PM-AMP is running in the study area, contribution of project on wheat production and marketing can be studied as well.

28. 7. Acknowledgement Major advisor Asst. Prof. Udit Prakash Sigdel Site supervisor Mr.Kamal Nayan Pant , Extension officer AKC Kanchanpur Staffs of AKC and PMAMP Kanchanpur My Seniors, LEE mates, all my batch mates and my juniors People of the study site and all the contribution of this study

29. 8. Some Glimpses of Survey Research

30. Constructive feedback are highly welcomed!