Presentation on historical development of social work in

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1. PRESENTATION ON HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK IN USA SUBMITTED BY: NITESH ROLL NO. : 18 MSW Ist sem.

2. WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK Social work is a practice-based profession that promotes social change, development, cohesion and the empowerment of people and communities . Social work practice involves the understanding of human development, behavior and the social, economic and cultural institutions and interactions . Social work professionals working with families and institutions have helped to provide and advance the following social impacts :

3. Civil Rights Unemployment Insurance Disability Pay Worker’s Compensation Reduced Mental Health Stigma Medicaid and Medicare Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention

4. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK “Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance wellbeing .” _ IFSW JULY,2014

5. EVALUTION OF SOCIAL WORK IN U.S.A Social work has developed through centuries like any other discipline. This discipline attained a professional status very recently. It was developed through the practice of charity, social service, welfare measures , etc. The earliest forms of social work activities were started in the USA from time immemorial . The history of social work in the USA can be divided into the following stages.

6. Divided in 5 Part i . The Colonial Period (1620-1776) ii . The civil war and Industrial Revolutions (1776-1860) iii. The Industrialization -The human side (1860-1900) iv . Social work , seeking professional characteristics (1900-1930) v. Highly professionalized discipline(1930-onwards)

7. COLONIAL PERIOD (1620-1776) 1624:  Virginia Colony institutes laws providing for the needs of disabled soldiers and sailors. 1642:  Plymouth Colony, based on the Elizabethan Poor Law, enacts the first such legislation in the “New World”. 1650:  The “Protestant Work Ethic”, emphasizing self-discipline, frugality, and hard work becomes prominent, justifying those who adopted its view to look down upon people who are unemployed or dependent on others.

8. Colonial period 1692:  Massachusetts introduces indentured servitude, providing that homeless children could be placed with other families who could require them to work for a period of time to pay for their care. 1776:  The U.S. Declaration of Independence is signed, promoting freedom for everyone but the slaves.

9. THE CIVIL WAR AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1787:  The U.S. Constitution is adopted to “promote the general welfare”, moving social welfare into American political discourse. 1813:  Child labor laws are passed in Connecticut, requiring that factory owners teach reading, writing, and arithmetic to children working for them. 1830:  The National Negro Conventions meet to begin discussions about civil rights, health, and welfare for people of color and women.

10. Civil war 1843:  The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor is established, and thereafter imitated in its emphases on abstaining from alcohol , becoming self-disciplined, and developing a work ethic as ways to end poverty. 1848:  Feminists meet to begin establishment of women’s rights to vote and receive equal opportunities for education and employment.

11. The Industrialization -The human side (1860-1900) In the half century after the Civil War, rapid industrial expansion produced a dramatic increase in individual and community needs. The most notable social changes of this period included a series of economic depressions (known then as "panics") and their consequences; new manifestations of racism following the end of Reconstruction in 1876; and a dramatic increase in immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. Using concepts derived from business and industry, reformers attempted to respond to some of these developments by regulating public relief distribution through so-called "scientific charity. this period is divided into three social movement which is as follows;

12. CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY (COS) In 1877, the first American Charity Organization Society (COS) based on such principles was founded in Buffalo, New York.  The New York Charity Organization Society made revolution in the field of organized charity work within 15 years by extending its activities to 92 American cities .

13. COS The charity organization societies started in Boston and Philadelphia in 1878 operated on the following principles: • i. Detailed investigation on applications for charity. • ii. A central system of registration to avoid duplication. • iii. Co-operation between various relief agencies. • iv. Extensive use of voluntary friendly visitors

14. SETTLEMENT HOUSE Rapid urbanization, industrialization and immigration produced social settlement movement in the USA .  The first US settlement, the Neighborhood Guild in New York City, was established in 1886. Three years later, Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House in Chicago, which became the most famous American settlement .  settlements focused on the environmental causes of poverty and expanding the working opportunities of the poor. They conducted research, helped establish the juvenile court system, created widows pension programs, promoted legislation prohibiting child labor, and introduced public health reforms and the concept of social insurance.

15. S ETTLEMENT HOUSE The settlement house workers established neighborhood centers and offered services such as citizenship training, adult education, counseling , recreation and daycare. • The social group work, social action and community organization methods have emerged from Settlement House Movement.

16. CHILD WELFARE MOVEMENT • The rapid growth of manufacturing industries aggravated the pathetic condition of children, so Children Aid Society (1853) and Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (1857) were started in New York City. • This led to the formation of Child Welfare Movement. The aim of the agencies was to rescue children from inadequate homes and from the streets.

17. INDUSTRIALIZATION 1895:  Chicago’s School of Social Economics, often recognized as the founding center for modern social work, begins offering lectures to persons working with the poor. 1900:  The term “social workers” is coined by Simon Patten, who disputes with Mary Richmond whether their major role should be social advocacy or the delivery of individual services.

18. PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK The employment of paid staff and their training by Charity Organization Societies (COS) facilitated a shift from the unorganized charity and social service to the beginning of an organized and systematic social work. The first such training center organized by New York Charity Organization Society (NYCOS) in 1898 is currently known as the Columbia University.

19. Hospital based training and social work services were also initiated around the same time at Boston Hospital. World War I provided unique opportunities for social case workers to prove the necessity of their skills. Thus the prestige of social work rose up in war related activities such as the Red Cross home services . Jane Addams was one of the first social workers in the US.

20. When she was 27 years old, she visited the Toynbee Hall settlement house in London, and she developed an aspiration to open a similar house in Chicago. In 1889, she partnered with her friend Ellen Starr to set up a settlement house called the Hull-House . After two years, the Hull-House was providing assistance to around 2,000 people every week. As she became more famous in Chicago, she began to take on greater civic responsibilities, such as founding a school of philanthropy, conducting investigations on social problems, and campaigning for peace .

21. For her extraordinary efforts in social work, Jane Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 1931.

22. In the National Conference on Charities and Corrections held at Toronto, she advocated the establishment of training schools for professional social workers (1897 ). The book 'Social Diagnosis' by Mary Richmond in 1917 is considered as the foundation for the theoretical basis of social work. Chicago School and Boston school formed the second and third schools of social work in the USA respectively. The American Association of Schools of Social Work was founded in 1919 to facilitate communication among the schools.

23. RISE OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS In a quest for professional unity, several social work organizations merged in 1955 to form the National Association of Social Workers (NASW). With a membership of in excess of 100,000 NASW is currently the main social work organization in the world. The Council of Social Work Education (CSWE) shaped in 1952 became the standard-setting organization for social work education.

24. 1933 :  U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaims a “New Deal” for Americans, establishing major social welfare programs responding to poverty and unemployment. 1950:  The Social Security Act of 1935 is amended to include children and relatives with whom needy children are living, and to aid permanently and totally disabled people. 1955:  Rosa Parks, a black woman, refuses to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the modern civil rights movement. 1960:  The NASW adopts its first code of ethics.

25. 1964:  U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the “Great Society” programs, and the Civil Rights Act makes racial discrimination in public places illegal. 1965:  More “Great Society” programs, providing for medical care, the needs of older Americans, and children’s education, are established. 1990:  The Americans with Disabilities Act makes it illegal to discriminate against disabled people in any business employing more than 15 persons .

26. 1990:  The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act provides funding for  prevention, intervention, treatment, and community planning in relation the HIV/AIDS. 1996:  President Clinton signs into law the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, restricting or eliminating many entitlement programs for poor people, and replacing them with more temporary aid designed to promote independence.

27. THANK YOU