Presentation on Oral Cancer, and its remidation

Cancer is a major public health problem. The overall burden of cancer is increasing worldwide.
Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, it accounts for 2% of all cancers.
Oral cancer (OC) is a malignant neoplasia which arises on the lip or oral cavity. It can be defined as a malignant cancer occurring in the oral cavity.

1. “ Epidemiological Profile of Oral Cancer Patients Attending at B . P . Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital’’ Prakriti Poudel BNS (Oncology)

2. Introductions Cancer is a major public health problem. The overall burden of cancer is increasing worldwide. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, it accounts for 2% of all cancers. Tobacco smoking and alcohol intake are well established risk factors for oral cancer. The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women.

3. Objectives and Rationale To assess the epidemiological profile of oral cancer patients attending at BPKMCH. Though the various researches have been conducted in developed countries, a very few studies were conducted on epidemiological profile of oral cancer in Nepal.

4. The study was carried out at B . P . Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital ( BPKMCH ). Non - probability, purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. The sample size was 50 . Histological proven oral cancer patient was included. Methods

5. All the collected data was analyzed and interpreted in terms of descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, percentage and standard deviation) . A semi - structured interview schedule was developed in English and translated into Nepali language . The instruments consisted of three parts : Part I : Question - related to socio - demographic variables Part II : Question - related to life style related factors. Part III : Question related to clinical profile of oral cancer. Methods Cont..

6. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents Age Group: Most respondents (30%) were in the 35-45 age group. Gender: The majority (88%) were male. Address: Predominantly from provinces such as Madesh (26%) and Lumbini (24%). Findings n=50

7. Socio-demographic Characteristics (Education, Occupation, Income of Family) Educational Status: 42% had no education. Occupation: 38% in agriculture, 32% in service. Income of Family: 48% had income for 6 to 12 months. Findings Cont.. n=50

8. Smoking Habits of Respondents Type of Smoke: 88% Cigarette, 12% Bidi. Smoke Time per Day: Mostly 2-4 times (32%). Duration of Smoking: 52% for >15 years. Distribution of Respondents by Risk Factor Smoking: 50%, Chewing Tobacco: 68%, Gudka Consumption: 40%, Alcohol Consumption: 68%. Findings Cont.. n=50

9. Distribution of Respondents by Sign and Symptoms of Oral Cancer Pain: 80%, Speech Problem: 70%, White and Red Patch: 70%. Anatomical Site of Oral Cancer: Tongue (36%) and Gum (32%) were the most common sites. Findings Cont.. n=50 n=50

10. Staging and Metastasis: Stage IV was most prevalent (30%). Lymph node metastasis was reported in 28%. Treatment Modalities: Surgery alone (36%) and surgery with adjuvant therapy (30%) were the common treatment approaches. Histological and Morphological Classification: 60% had well-differentiated histological classification. All cases were classified as Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Findings Cont..

11. The study was conducted to assess the epidemiological profile of oral cancer patients. The findings of this study show, majority of respondents was male (88%). This finding was also supported by the study conducted in department of oncology & radiotherapy, Madhya Pradesh where the finding was male (76.0%) and female (24.0%). The study, involving 50 respondents, revealed that a significant proportion (68%) engaged in chewing tobacco, while an equivalent percentage had a habit of alcohol consumption. Additionally, half of the participants (50%) were found to have a smoking habit, and 40% reported gudka consumption. These findings align with a retrospective study conducted among 295 individuals at VSPM Dental College and Research Centre and Rashtrasant Tukdoji Cancer Institute. Discussion

12. Regarding the sites of oral cancer, in this study, tongue was common 18 (36%) site, followed by gum 16 (32%), cheeks 12(24%), roof of mouth 3(6%) and lips 1 (2%). This finding is consistent with the findings with the studies carried in India 2015, and Portugal 2016. The majority of study site of oral cancer tongue, cheek, gum and root of mouth and lips respectively. In current study all the oral cancers were squamous cell carcinoma, similar findings seen in the studies in 2016, in north Portugal and International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology in 2019. The majority were oral squamous cell carcinoma. Discussion Cont..

13. The findings of the study concluded that oral cancer is most common in male. Majority oral cancer was seen at 30-45 years. Smoking, tobacco and gudka consumption are main risk factor of oral cancer. Pain and speech problem are the main clinical features of oral cancer. Therefore, risk assessment approach and screening program should be focused timely. Conclusion

14. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2021 May;71(3):209-49. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21660 Elango JK, Gangadharan P, Sumithra S, Kuriakose MA. Trends of head and neck cancers in urban and rural India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2006 Jan 25;7(1):108. Shrestha G, Neupane P, Lamicchane N, Acharya BC, Siwakoti B, Subedi KP, Kumar K, Pradhananga RM. Cancer Incidence in Nepal: A Three-Year Trend Analysis Dhanuthai K, Rojanawatsirivej S, Thosaporn W, Kintarak S, Subarnbhesaj A, Darling M, Kryshtalskyj E, Chiang CP, Shin HI, Choi SY, Lee SS. Oral cancer: A multicenter study. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal . 2018 Jan;23(1):e23. ACS. Key Statistics for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers Radoï L, Luce D. A review of risk factors for oral cavity cancer: the importance of a standardized case definition. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2013 Apr;41(2):97-109. Reference