Presentation on pollution nehahhahaa.pdf

Slides

2. TREATMENT OF SOLIDS
دادعإفارشإب
ليمج دمحأ
مناغ هيأ
دؤاد ناميلس
دايإ هط
نودعس ناديغ
د . قفوم ءامسأ

3. Agenda
Introduction
Removal of Hydrocarbons
- Adsorption
- Heating
- Distillation/Pyrolysis
- Incineration
- Solvent Extraction
- Biological Processes
Solidiflcation

4. Introduction
Petroleum sludge, also known as oily sludge, is an emulsified solid waste typically produced
in the petroleum industry. It consists of varying percentages of oil, water, and solid particles.
Typically, petroleum sludge contains approximately 30% oil, 40% water, and 30% solid
particles.Challenges posed by oil sludge include its large production, corrosiveness, and
hazardous nature to both humans, animals, and the environment. When improperly
disposed of in the soil, they can alter physical and chemical properties, resulting in
morphological changes, nutrient deficiencies, and growth inhibition.
To address these issues, different treatment and disposal methods have been explored. Here
are some approaches:
1)Biodegradation: This method involves breakdown of sludge using microorganisms.

5. Introduction
hazardous nature to both humans, animals, and the environment. When improperly
disposed of in the soil, they can alter physical and chemical properties, resulting in
morphological changes, nutrient deficiencies, and growth inhibition.
To address these issues, different treatment and disposal methods have been explored. Here
are some approaches:
1)Biodegradation: This method involves breakdown of sludge using microorganisms.
However, they may have limitations in terms of performance and risk of
environmental pollution.
2) Landfilling: Although landfilling is common, landfilling has negative aspects such as
potential environmental pollution and high costs.
3) Incineration: Incineration of sludge can be effective, but it also has disadvantages,
including environmental pollution and cost.
4) Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO): SCWO uses supercritical water as the reaction
medium, along with air, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as catalysts. It initiates free radical
reactions under high temperature and pressure to decompose organic matter, achieving
harmless oily sludge treatment.
In summary, finding safer oil sludge disposal and treatment technologies remains essential,

6. Introduction
3) Incineration: Incineration of sludge can be effective, but it also has disadvantages,
including environmental pollution and cost.
4) Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO): SCWO uses supercritical water as the reaction
medium, along with air, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as catalysts. It initiates free radical
reactions under high temperature and pressure to decompose organic matter, achieving
harmless oily sludge treatment.
In summary, finding safer oil sludge disposal and treatment technologies remains essential,
taking into account environmental regulations and cost factors. Researchers continue to
explore innovative solutions to effectively manage these challenging wastes.
Oil-contaminated sediments.
According to publications of the American Petroleum Institute (API), oil refineries with a

7. Introduction
taking into account environmental regulations and cost factors. Researchers continue to
explore innovative solutions to effectively manage these challenging wastes.
Oil-contaminated sediments.
According to publications of the American Petroleum Institute (API), oil refineries with a
production capacity of 1,000,000 barrels per day generate approximately 50 tons annually
of oil deposits produced from the following four sources:
1)Crude oil tanks (Vides Combiner Free)
2) The bottom of cooling towers, exchangers and other equipment during maintenance
operations

8. Introduction
According to publications of the American Petroleum Institute (API), oil refineries with a
production capacity of 1,000,000 barrels per day generate approximately 50 tons annually
of oil deposits produced from the following four sources:
1)Crude oil tanks (Vides Combiner Free)
2) The bottom of cooling towers, exchangers and other equipment during maintenance
operations
3) Industrial wastewater treatment unit
4) Uncontrolled oil spill

9. Removal of
Hydrocarbons

10. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
A variety of methods are available to remove hydrocarbons from solids, such as
drill cuttings, contaminated soil, and produced sand . These methods include:

11. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Adsorption

12. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Adsorption
is the accumulation of a substance at a surface or interface .
1- good adsorbent is very porous
2- Activated coal or activated carbon is used
Pores in activated carbon range from 10 to 10,000 A° in diameter
3-The simplest adsorption system would involve a vessel
containing a bed of adsorbent , with provision for the oil to pass
through the bed. A point is reached at which the adsorbent has
taken up so much oil that it has reached the limit of its capacity.

13. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Heating

14. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Heating
1-Heating cuttings contaminated with hydrocarbons can help separate
the hydrocarbons from the solids.
2-This procedure is similar to using heat to break emulsions and
separate hydrocarbons and water.
3-the sludges are heated above the boiling point of water and
allowed to flash to vapor.
4-The high temperature also lowers the viscosity of the heavy
hydrocarbons, facilitating their separation as a slurry.

15. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Distillation/Pyrolysis

16. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Distillation/Pyrolysis
A costlier method to remove light- and intermediate-weight hydrocarbon compounds
involves distillation in a retort furnace, where a solid/hydrocarbon mixture is heated,
vapors are swept away, cooled, and condensed. Despite its effectiveness, distillation
has operational limitations such as fire hazards, corrosion, and altered chemical
structures. It also incurs high energy costs, and heavy hydrocarbon components may
not be fully distilled, forming a residual tar on solids.

17. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Incineration

18. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Incineration
Burning hydrocarbon-laden solids in incinerators is an alternative method, with
specially designed burners ensuring efficient combustion. Following this process, ash
containing salts and heavy metals is solidified to prevent leaching. Incineration
typically removes over 99% of soil hydrocarbons but emits air pollutants, including
metal compounds. This method requires permits due to emissions and necessitates a
secondary fuel, increasing operational costs despite its low future liability.

19. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Solvent Extraction

20. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Solvent Extraction
Solvent processes can also be used to separate hydrocarbons from solids.
In these processes, a solvent with a low boiling point is mixed with the oily solids to wash the
oil from the solids and dilute what remains trapped.
The solvent is then separated from the hydrocarbons and solids by low-temperature
distillation and reused.
Solvent extraction is routinely used in the petroleum industry for extracting fluids from cores
during core analysis.
Commonly used fluids include carbon dioxide, propane, ethane, and butane.
The process is expensive, but eliminates many of the problems associated with high-
temperature thermal processes

21. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Biological Processes

22. Removal of
Hydrocarbons
Biological Processes
The amount and composition of fertilizer needed for optimum degradation depends on what
hydrocarbon is being degraded and the bacteria being enhanced.
Oxygen is also needed for bioremediation to convert the hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and
water. Anaerobic biological degradation
(without oxygen) also occurs, but is niuch slower and less efficient than aerobic degradation.
In most cases, water is also needed because it is the medium in which the bacteria live.
For optimum degradation, the water content of the solids must be balanced.
The degradation rate of hydrocarbons depends on the structure of the hydrocarbon molecule
and the type of bacteria involved.
Paraffins are the most susceptible to microbial attack, followed by isoparaffins
and aromatics.

23. Solidiflcation

24. Solidiflcation
One method for treating contaminated solids is solidification, incorporating contaminants into
the solid phase to reduce mobility and enhance handling. Two approaches are employed: using
absorbent materials for free liquid absorption and incorporating substances to chemically bind
and encapsulate contaminants. Solidification, often utilizing portland cement, calcium silicate,
or alumino-silicate reactions, is widely used in offsite disposal for final burial. While absorbents
like straw, dirt, fly ash, and polymers are common for dewatering reserves pits with low
evaporation rates, the most effective solidification involves chemical binding, significantly
reducing leachability of various pollutants. Vitrification by melting silica at high temperatures
has been considered but is likely too costly for petroleum industry applications.

25. Thank you