Presentation power agriculture fish.pptx

Fisheries agriculture

1. Fish – Fishes is a cold blooded aquatic vertebrate, breaths by means of pharyngeal gills and propel and balance themselves by means of fins. “Nidhi” or “Treasure” History of Aquaculture Hunting - Spears, arrows, bone shells etc, cages (tribal people), - spin thread, hook and line, Modern methods - fish finder-eco sounder and SONAR and literature on life history of fish, Fisheries Science

2. Practice of fish culture - China “ Bheels ” –India and “ Ox-bow’s ”- other countries- cuts of f from the main rivers when water level in receeds Chinese – fish culture to very high standards Common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) - first species to be introduced in fish culture and 6 species 1. Grass carp - Ctenopharyingidon idella 2. Silver carp - Hypothalmicthys molitrix 3. Big head carp - Aricthys nobilis 4. Mud carp - Cirhina molitorella 5. Snail carp - Mylopharyingidon pisceus 6. Bream - Parabramis pekeni

3. Composite fish culture- To utilize the all the available food resources in the pond In Israel - polyculture (C. carp, Tilapia, silver carp and grey mullets) in intensive method-30 to 40 tons/h/year In Japan - poly culture and culture of Salmon and trout and Eel culture ( Anguilla japanica ) and penaeid prawns also well developed. Pearl oyster, edible pearl and sea weed culture etc .

4. Aquaculture in India Aquaculture - 300 BC, W. B, Orissa and Bihar British - cold water fishes Rain bow trout - Salmo gardinneari Brown trout - Salmo trutta

5. Fisheries Institutes in India under ICAR CICFRI -Central Inland Capture of Fisheries Research Institute- W.B CMFRI -Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute – Cochin CIFA -Central Institute of Fresh water Aquaculture- Bhubaneswara CIBA -Central Institute of Brackish water Aquaculture- Chennai CIFT - Central Institute of Fishery Technology – Cochin CIFE -Central Institute of Fisheries Education- Mumbai MPEDA - Marine Product Export Development Authority- Cochin NBFGRI -National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resource Institute- Luckno NIO - National Institute of Oceanography – Goa FSI - Fishery Survey of India- Mumbai NCFRI - National Cold Water Fisheries Research Institute, Bheemtal

6. Better techniques of spawn collection Improved method of managements of culture system Better methods for eradication of weeds, insects etc 4. Better methods for the managements for fish disease 5. Improved methods of capturing fish by modifying crafts and gears 6. Breeding of commercially important fishes and prawns Objectives

7. Fish- cold blooded aquatic vertebrate, pharyngeal gills, propel-fins. Species- 30,000 fish species (both fresh and marine) Pigmy gobi fish - in an inch W hale shark fish - 18.5mts Poikilothermic- change body temperature, surrounding temperature and species specific Warm water fishes - 20 oC -35 oC Cold water fishes - 10 oC -16 oC General characters of Fish

8. Diadromous - Fresh water as well as sea water Anadromous - Sea water to fresh water Hilsa ilisha - Indian shad Catadromous - Fresh water to sea water Pungasius pungasius- cat fish

9. Body design of fish Mackerel, Tuna, Milk fish and Seabass Why fish are in spindle shape/ streamlined/ideal / torpedo shaped. Sharp dorsal and caudal fins-disturbed. Anterior - bullet like head, mouth and gill operculum

10. External Morphology of fish

11. Mucous Lubricates- reduced body friction and greater movement Protection- parasites, fungus, bacteria etc Precipitate formation- muddy or turbid water Osmotic regulation- body and surrounding Nest – for egg laying Betta sp Moisture- dry hands

12. Skin and scales Skin- external covering of body Protecting the body 2. respiratory, excretory and osmo regulatory Electric organ, poisonous and phosphorescent organs.

13. Scales

14. Fish age calculations

15. Fins and locomotion Unpaired fins or median fins- i . Dorsal fin on the back ii. Anal fin on ventral side behind the vent iii. Caudal fin at the end of the tail 2. Paired fins i . pectoral fins ii. pelvic fins Both fins are supported by skeletal rods called “radials’ and “dermal fin ray”

16. General anatomy

17. Digestive system

18. Reproductive system

19. Life History of fish

20. Classification of Fishes, Crustaceans and Molluscs I. Classification of commercially important fishe s Kingdom - Animalia phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class - Pisces Sub classes - 1. Agnatha - 50 sp 2. Chondrichthyes - 600 sp 3. Osteichthyes - 30,000 sp

21. 1. Agnatha- ‘no jaw’ like Hag fish and lamprey No jaw Cartilaginous skeleton Scale less skin Over sucker in place of jaw Predators and filter feeders Anticoagulating saliva Fresh and salt water

22. 2. Chondrichthyes - S harks, Rays and Skates Cartilaginous skeleton skin- denticles scale five to seven gill slits per side no swim bladder internal fertilization five to seven gill arches

23. Order- 10 orders Laminiformes - sharks Family- Carcharhidae Scoliodon lacticaudus (Indian dog sharks) F - Sphyrinidae Sphyrina lewini (Hammer head shark)

24. Rejiformes - Scates and Rays F- Rhinobatidae F- Myliobatidae Aetobatus flagellum Plain eagle ray Rhinobatus lionotus Normans sovel nose ray

25. 3. Ostieichtyes - BONY FISH O - Clupeiformes - S ardine fishes F- Clupeidae Sardinella longiceps Indian oil sardine F- Pristigasteridae Hilsa ilisha Hilsa toli Shad fish

26. F- Engraulidae - Coila coila Coila dussumeri

27. Order- Cypriniformes F- Cyprinidae – fresh water carps and cat fishes Catla catla Labeo rohita

28. Cirrhinus mrigala Cyprinus carpio

29. Order- Mugiliformes F- Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Liza teda

30. Order - Anguilliformes F- Anguillidae Anguilla bicolor (S hort fin Eel) Thyrsoidea macrura (Giant slender moray)

31. Order - Perciformes F- Scombridae Rastreliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel)

32. F- Scomberomoridae Scomberomorus guttetus Seer fish/ king fish S. scomberomorous

33. Family - Thunnidae Thunnus thunnus Tuna Thunnus albacares Yellow fin tuna

34. Family - Sciaenidae Johnus carouna Croacker Johnus carutta

35. Order- Polynemiformes F- Polynemidae Polydectilus indicus Polydectilus sextarius

36. Order- Pleuronectiformes F- Bothidae Psettodes irumei Flat fish Pseudorhombus javanicus

37. Classification of Commercially important crustaceans Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthopoda Class - Crustacea S. Class - Malacostraca Order - Decapoda S. Order - 1. Natantia - Prawns 2. Reptantia - Lobsters and Crabs

38. S. Order- Natantia F - Penaeidae - brackish and marine shrimp Penaeus monodon (Tiger shrimp) Penaeus indicus (White shrimp

39. Penaeus merguensis (Flower shrimp) Penaeus monoceru s Banana shrimp)

40. F- Palaemonidae – Fresh Water Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Giant fresh water prawn) Macrobrachium malcumsonii (River prawn)

41. S. Order – Reptantia F - Macruridae – Lobsters

42. F- Brachyuridae - Crabs Scylla serrata (Mud crab) Portunus pelagicus Charybdis cruciata

43. Classification of Commercially Important Molluscus Phylum - Molluscus Class - 1. Pelicypoda (Bivalves) 2. Gastropoda (Single cell) 3. Cephalopoda (shell inside)

44. Class- Pelicypoda (Bivalves) F- Ostreidae – Edible Oyster Crossostrea madrasensis Crossostrea cucculata

45. Family- Pteridae (Pearl oysters) Pinctada fucata Pinctada maxima

46. Family- Veneridae (clams) Meritrix meritrix Meritrix casta

47. Family- Mytilidae (mussels ) Perna viridis (Brown mussel) Perna indica (Green mussel)

48. Class- Gastropoda (single shell) Family - Turbenillidae Achatinafulica - Sacred chunk ( chank ) F. Strombidae Babylonia canaliculata (Fingered chank )

49. Class - Cephalopoda (shell inside the body) Cuttle fish Cepia acculata Cepia inrmis

50. Squid Loligo vulgeris Loligo hardvikki

51. Octopus Octopus dolfusi Octopus rugosus

52. Commercially important species of fish, crustacean and moll Fresh water Brackish water Marine water Catla Prawns Oil sardine Rohu Mullets Mackerel Mrigal Milk fish Seer fish Calbasu Lady fish Pomfret Common carp Pearl spot Tuna 6 . Reba Oyster Sharks Puntius Clams Silver bellis Cat fishes Eels Cat fishes Murrels Cat fishes Shrimps Prawns Shrimps Lobsters Notopterus Clams Clams Clams Mussels Crabs Crabs Crabs etc,

53. Significance of fish and fisheries Fish as a food Weight and Proximate composition of fish W eight composition % Proximate composition% Flesh 40-60 Moisture 75-80 Head 10-12 Protein 16-20 Viscera 08-16 Fat 04-16 Bones 02-12 Minerals 02-03 Skins 01-10 carbohydrate 0.5-01 fins 01-05 vitamins Less than 1 Protein - Amino acid (Lysine and Metheonine ) Fat - PUFA –C20: Omega 3 Meat - Connective tissues and fiber

54. Employment- Not assessed total population Lack of statistical survey Difficulty in distinguishing Foreign exchange – India shipped 12,89,651 MT of seafood worth Rs. 46,662.85 crore (USD 6.68 billion) during 2019-20 , Rs. 5096 -2006-07 Development of other industries- ship, marine engines, net, nylon, freezing, canning, oil and meal and other industries Rural development – 80% Miscellaneous – Pharmaceutical, paint, soap, Isinglass, etc,

55. Fisheries resources Fresh waster fisheries resources Riverine resources – 27,000km 1. The Ganga rivers system 2. The Brahmaputra river system 3. The Indus river system 4. East coast rivers system 5. West coast river system Reservoir resources – 6.0 million ha Large - 1.0, Medium- 2.0 and Small-3.0 Tanks and ponds- 2.21 mha

56. Brackish water Fisheries Resources of India 1. Chilka Lake - Orissa 2. Pulicate Lake - Tamil Nadu 3. Sunerbans Lake - West Bengal 4. Vembanad Lake - Kerala Marine Fisheries Resource of Indi a- continental self Total coastal length - 8124 km continental self - 0-5m depth - 18.0 million ha 50-200m - 40.5 m ha (total-58.5 m ha) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)-2.21m ha

57. Fisheries Resource of Karnataka 1. Fresh water resources Number Area/length Important river 21 6000km Connected channels - 3000km Reservoirs 60 2.21 L ha Major tanks 4700 2.62 L ha Minor tanks 22000 1.52 L ha Irrigation Wells 4 Lakhs ---- 2. Brackish water resources Estimated area 8000 ha 3. Marine resources Coastal length 400km Continental self 25,000km

58. Aquaculture Definition: it is the farming and husbandary of economically important aquatic plants and animals under controlled conditions. Fish, prawns, frogs, oysters, mussels, sea grasses, etc. 1. Fresh water - 0- 0.5 ppt 2. Brackish water - 4-12 ppt 3. Mariculture / marine culture - more than 35ppt

59. Based on the intensity of management Extensive culture - 2000 – 5000/ 10000 fingerlings/ha Semi intensive culture - 10000 -15000fingerlings/ha Intensive culture - 15000-25000fingerlings/ha Super intensive - more than 25000 fingerlings/ha

60. Basic concepts of Aquaculture Basic concepts - Natural food production (primary production), Oxygen balance, Stocking combination and stocking density. Primary production : Food production in water solar energy small animals tertiary consumer Carnivorous animals 10 1000 100 1

61. Oxygen Balance O 2 2 4 6 8 10 Time 2 4 10 12 2 4 10 12

62. Stocking combination Surface feeder Columnar feeder Bottom feeder ( Catla , Silver carp) ( Rohu , grass carp) ( Mrigala , Common carp, Prawns) Stocking combination- 4: 3: 3, 3: 3: 2:, 1.5 : 2 : 1.5 : 2 : 1.5 : 1.5

63. Stocking density Large living space better due to - Greater surface area for exchange of gases - Free circulation between bottom and surface layer - Less subject to physico -chemical changes - Large surface area for wind action

64. Physical and chemical aspects of water for Aquaculture Physical parameters Depth of water - 1.5 -2.0 mts tropical water 3.0 -4.0 mts temperate water Temperature - IMC are able to tolerate Exotic species not able to tolerate Turbidity - silt, clay and plankton restricting penetration of light and reducing photosynthesis. reduced eye, coagulating mucous Light - flora and fauna and oxygen content of water

65. Chemical parameters Dissolved Oxygen - surface and photosynthesis - migration, stress-suffocation, susceptible - 4- 5 ppm of DO Carbon dioxide - Respiration, atmosphere and decomposition - Carbonic acid, calcium bicarbonate pH - 6.5 -8.0 optimum, Dissolved solids – Chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, phosphates nitrates- calcium, sodium, magnecium

66. Fresh water Aquaculture Purpose of Aquaculture -To increase the fish production - Ornamental Purpose - Utilization of resources - Foreign exchange - Socio- economic - Employment - Control of disease

67. Salient features of Aquaculture Productivity Practices Food conversion Integrated system Recycling of wastes Foreign exchange Employment Fish as a food

68. Selection of species for Aquaculture Growth rate - Catla-1kg/yr, Rohu-1kg/yr, Mrigal-1kg/yr, C. carp-1kg/yr, S.carp-1kg/yr, G. carp-1kg/yr Adaptation to climate - carp, specific verities, Cold water- trout. Toleranc e - Brackish water- prawns - fresh water - cat fish Supplementary feed - semi-intensive and intensive systems Easy reproduction - Prolific breeder- Tilapia, common carp. Conversion efficiency - edible flesh

69. Compatibility - composite fish culture Consumer liking – people to people and region to region

70. Cultivable fresh water fishes Important fresh water fish and shrimp Indian Major Carps (IMC) – FISH Catla catla

71. Labeo rohita - Rohu

72. Cirrhinus mrigala - Mrigala

73. Exotic carps or Chinese carps Hypophthalmichthys molitrix - Silver carp

74. Ctenopharyngodon idella - Grass carp

75. Cyprinus carpio - Common carp (Scale carp- C. carpio communis )

76. Mirror carp- C. carpio specularis

77. Leather carp- C. carpio nudus

78. Air breathing Fish Cat fish- Clarius batrachus and Wallago attu Murrel – Channa marulius and channa straitus

79. Culturable shell fish Macrobrachium rosenbergii -Giant fresh water prawn M. malcumsonii - Monson river prawn

80. Common predatory fish and weed fish Predatory fish Slipper shaped fish- Notopterus chitala Snake head fish- Opheocephalus marulius Cat fish- Clarius batracus and Wallago attu

81. Weed fish Puntius sp Rasbora sp Danio sp

82. Food and feeding habits of fish Main food- it prefers and on which it thrives Occasional foods – when available Emergency food - accepted when the preferred food is not available Spawn and fry of IMC - planktonic crustaceans and rotifers Advanced finger lings and adults – based on types of they consumed Herbivorous Omnivorous Carnivorous Surface feeder - Catla, silver carp Columnar feeder - Rohu Bottom feeder - mrigal , common carp and prawn Majority of the cultivable fresh water fishes belongs to Order- Cypriniformes

83. Aquatic weeds and their Control Floating weeds Eichornia Pistia Lemna Azolla Wolffia

84. Emergent Weed Nymphea Neelambo Nymphoides

85. Submerged weed Hydrilla Vallisneria Najas Ceretophyllum Utricularia

86. Marginal weed Typha Cyperus Colocasia Sagittaria

87. Algal weeds Chara Spyrogyra

88. Advantages of Aquatic weeds DO mantenance Food for herbivorous common carp breeding shelter for young one reduce turbidity and spawning bed Disadvantages of Aquatic weeds Deplete DO in darkness reduce plankton limit space for movement shelter for predators obstruction for netting toxic to fish

89. Weed control Mechanical - cutting, dragging or chaining, dredging and plugging Chemical - Cheap and easily available - Non toxic to fish and human - not pollute the water Eradication of Aquatic weed Floating weed - 15ppm Ammonia and 80% of 2-4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (5-7kg/ha) Emerged weed - dichlorophenyl (10kg/ha) and Dalapon Submerged weed - 15ppm Ammonia, 250ppm Urea and 40ppm sulpher dioxide. Marginal weed - dichlorophenyl 10kg/ha Algal weed - 1ppm copper sulphate Biological - Grass carp - salvinia and Eichornia Common carp – ceratophylum and myriophylum Oreochromis mossambicus and chanos chanos

90. Fish Seed production for Aquaculture Inland fishery resource of India Rivers 27,000 km Canal/creeks 1,26,334 km Estuaries 27,00,000 Ha Floodplain wetlands 21,10,000 Ha Lagoons 1,90,000 Ha Reservoirs 6 million Ha Ponds and lakes 2.2 million Ha

91. Methods of fish seed production Collecting eggs, fry and fingerlings from rivers Breeding fish in bundh type tanks Breeding fish through Hypophysatsaion / induced breeding

92. Riverine collection Midnapore type of shooting net -

93. Fish breeding in bundh Wet bundh -perennial pond, Dry bundh - seasonal pond

94. Breeding through Hypophysation Breeding Indian Major Carps (IMC) Homoplastic: donor of the pituitary gland is same as that of the recipient Heteroplastic : donor of the pitutary gland is different from that of the recipient

95. Steps involved in Hypophysation Collection of Pituitary glands

96. Selection and maintenance of ripe parents 1.5-2.0 Kg 1:1 (Female: male) 1-2% b. wt 1000 to 2000kg/ka Commercial feed- Vit (E and Tocopherol) and mineral – gonadal and hatching

97. Preparation of pituitary extract Weighing - pressed out Homonizing - distilled water/ physiological saline, 10mg/ml Purifying - -tissue, nerves and muscle, -centrifuging is done, - supernantant

98. Pituitary injection Ovatide , 2.Ovaprim and 3. HCG-pituitary - Provocative dose - 2-3mg/kg b. wt. of fish (female) Effective dose - 6-8mg/kg b. wt (f) Effective dose - 2-3mg/kg b.wt (male) Intraperitoneal injection- pectoral and pelvic fins Intramuscular injection – Caudal peduncle

99. Breeding Hapa -15-25cm above bottom water -2 nd injection m:f for spawning (2:1) -After 6h 2 nd injection- spawning-sperm fertilize the eggs After 4-6h –swelling by absorbing water Collected and kept in hatching hapa

100. Hatching Techniques i . Hatching in Hapa -Double walled – one in side the other -outer – 1.8x0.9x0.5mt -inner , round meshed mosquito 1.7x0.75x0.45mt ii. Hatching in Chinese system

101. iii. Hatching in Jars -50,000 fertilized eggs -Water flow-600-800ml/min -3h earlier -due to flowing current, spawnary tank

102. Fecundity No of eggs by individual fish at a time Catla 2,50,000 eggs/kg of fish Rohu 3,00,000 eggs Mrigal 2,80,000 eggs Grass carp 80,000 eggs Silver carp 2,00,000eggs Common carp 1,20,000 eggs

103. Methods of calculating the eggs Weight method -weigh the egg before absorption, -multiply the wt of the egg no /unit wt. -total wt. Volumetric method -measure volume of egg before absorption, -multiply it by egg no /unit volume -total quantity

104. No. of fertilized eggs Fertilization rate (%) = ---------------------------------- x100 Total No. of eggs No. of individuals harvested Survival rate (%) = ---------------------------------------x100 No. of fertilized eggs No. of hatched fry Hatching rate (%) = ------------------------------ X100 No. of fertilized eggs

105. Fecundity Calculation No. of eggs in sample Wt. of whole ovary Fecundity = ------------------------------ x --------------------------- Wt. of sample Wt. of fish

106. Breeding Chinese Carps -Catheter tube to genital opening Few eggs are sacked Petri plate contain 70% acetic acid +30% alcohol nucleus at centre of the egg-not ready If nucleus towards the periphery of the egg-ready as incase of ICM

107. Transportation of fish seeds Acclimatization and stocking of seeds Packing of seeds - polythene bags with medication condition - 6-7 lt water, 1/3 of oxygen is filled - No. of spawn/fry based on conditions (DO-2) x V No. of fish seeds N = -------------- DO- dissolved oxygen C x h V- volume of water in lt C- rate of do con. Individual in mg/kg/h h – period of transportation in hour

108. Water quality parameter Dissolved Oxygen ˃ 3.5-5.0 Temperature 26-30 d. c Salinity 10-15 ppt Ammonia ˂ 1.0 ppm Nitrate ˂ 1.0 ppm Sulphide ˂ 0.003 ppm pH 6.8-8.7 BOD ˂ 10 ppm COD ˂ 70 ppm Sechi disc (visibility) ˃ 25 cm

109. Fish Farm Management Spawn - Fry size Fry - Fingerling size Fingerling - Stable size fish Preparation and Management of Nursery Pond - 90-95% Mortality fluctuation in physico-chemical lack of required fish food in water predatory along with carp seeds predatory nature of weed fish, cannibalism overgrowth of plankton- depletion of DO

110. 1. Predatory and Weed fish Predatory : Clarias batrachus , Wallago attu , Mystus seengala , M. aor , Channa straitus , C. marulius Weed fishes : Ambasis ranga , Aplocheilus punchax , Puntius ticto , P. sophore , P. sarana , Rasbora daniconius Eradication of predatory and weed fishes 1. Physical method 2. Chemical method

111. Physical methods Dewatering: dry-bottom soil –eradication of unwanted fishes. Heavy silted - desilting –after dewatering Murrels, cat fish and Anabas –desilting 2. Netting : not a sure method- repeated netting with small mesh size, Chemical method Poisoning - available and economic - effective at low - not harmful - not adverse effect in future

112. Plant poisons Derris root powder - Rotanin 5-10ppm respiration ( Derris trifoliate) 2. Mohua oil cake - Saponin 200ppm Haemolisis ( Madhuka latifolia ) of blood cell Sugar, jaggary - Saponin 1ppm Tea seed cake - Saponin 1ppm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Organophosphates 3-30ppm 6. Anhydrous ammonia 20-25ppm 7. Bleaching powder 25-30ppm

113. 2. Aquatic Insects Common aquatic insects : Anisopes , Geris (water spider), Nepa (water scorpions), Lithocerus (Giant water bug), Ronatra (water stick Insect), Notonecta (back swimmers). Netting : repeated dragging with fine meshed masquito cloth net. Emulsification : soap:oil emulsification Benzene hexachloride-0.1ppm Turpentine -10-25% Endrin -0.001ppm Gamaxene - 0.5-1ppm Dieldrin - 0.5ppm Quicklime - 2-4ppm

114. 3. Control of Aquatic weeds- ref. last class 4. Stocking of seeds: - plankton biomass - stocking rate 1-2millions upto 10 m - late in the evening - zooplanktons (rotifers and cladocerans) 5. Supplementary feeding : - feeding requirement high in 2-3days - traditional supplementary feed - rice bran and oil cake 1:1 Feeding: 1-3 d-equi- body wt. 4-8d -2 times b.w 9-10 d-4 times b.w 11 th d-no feeding 12 th day – transfer to rearing pond

115. Preparation and management of rearing pond - Fry to Fingerling - bigger than nursery size - 2.5-3 months periods Eradication of predatory and weed fish Fertilization Control of aquatic weeds Control of aquatic insects Stocking of fish fry @1-1.5 lakhs /h Supplementary feeding @5-10% b. wt.

116. - Fingerlings to table size (marketable) - 6-8 months periods - large size about 2-3 deep - pond preparation well before stocking - stocking rate 10,000 fingerlings/h - feeding rate 1-2% body wt. - Heavy organic matter inputs (feed, fertilizers, plankton-dead, waste-by-products and sediment)- result in accumulation of anaerobic, reduced materials on pond bottoms. Preparation and management of stocking pond

117. Pond preparation Draining Drying Liming Fertilization 1 . Draining :

118. Drying - allowed for drying - 7- 10 days till bottom cracks Advantages - H 2 S, NO 3 , NH 3 - Decomposition and mineralization of org. - Disinfection of pond bottom pH- - soil pH – soil : water slurry (1:1), 50-70% Moisture - if pH less than 7.0 – lime stone - if pH more than 8.5 - Gypsum

119. Liming - raise the pH - Kill pathogen Application: pH - 4 4.5 5 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 Lime -5 4.5 3.75 3.25 2.5 1.9 1.25

120. Fertilization Types of fertilizer Organic manure inorganic manure Organic - cow dung, poultry manure etc, -10-15 tons/h/y- 10% initial dose - 5 tons/h/y - control seepage- “sealant” - plant manure –green, compost, mahuo oil Inorganic - std. combination of NPK 18:10: 04 - Urea-200kg+ A.sulphate-450kg+ S. phosphate 250kg with Muriate potash-40kg

121. Development of supplementary feed Acceptability 2. Easy digestibility 3. High conversion rate 4. Easy to prepare 5. Storage life and transports 6. Cheap and availability Preparation: Rice bran - 40% Fish meal - 24% Oil cake - 24% Tapioca flour -10% Mineral mixture -1% Vitamin mixture -1%

122. Formula A B-C   C   B A-C (B-C) A% = ------------------------ X 100 (A-C) + (B-C)   (A-C) B % = ----------------------X 100 (B-C)+ (A-C) 1+2 3+4 Eg . A = ---------------- and B = -------------- 2 2

123. Efficiency of fish feeds Total dry wt. of feed Food conversion ratio(FCR) : -------------------------- Total wet wt. gained (growth) Total wet wt. gained (growth) Protein efficiency ratio (PER): ------------------------------------------------- Total dry wt. Protein fed

124. Composite fish culture Polyculture/ composite culture: fast growing and compatible species of fish of different feeding habits are stocked together in the same pond. Eg . Grass carp IMC and Chinese carps -@ 15, 20, 10, 10, 25 and 20% Supplementary feed -@ 1-2% body wt. / everyday “ Blue revolution ” or “ Aquaplosion ”

125. Integrated Aquaculture Coprology: Science of dung and filth Advantage: - spilled out feed by the livestock - metabolic waste of live stock act as manure - non edible part of fish used as fish meal - Save of land - live stock fodder is grown on the embankmen - fish pond provides washing of live stock - production of high animal protein /unit area - ensure high profit by low cost investment - bottom mud used as good manure for agri.

126. 1. Rice –fish culture 2. Fish – duck –chicken forming 3. Fish – pig farming 4. Duck –fish culture

127. Brackish water Aquaculture State Estimated brackish water area (ha) Area under culture (ha) Estimated production (tons) W est Bengal Orissa Andra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Pondichery Kerala Karnataka Goa Maharastra Gujarat _______________ Total 4,05,000 80,000 150,000 56,000 8,000 2,42,000 8,000 18,000 80,000 3,76,000 _______________ 14,16, 300 33,625 4,370 8,100 3,400 500 9,300 3,805 10,510 1,820 125 _______________ 75,635 12,150 3,350 7,600 2,850 1,000 6,160 2,835 5,165 785 90 ______________ 41,985

128. Introduction to shrimp farming Family – Penaeidae and Palamonidae (shrimp/prawn) Natural cradles of the animal - shrimps / prawn Shrimp – sea / estuaries or brackish water Moving Dollars of the sea / Aqua-gold - fetch high price in the export market

129. Advantage of natural facilities - Short duration of crop - Quick turnover - Ready Market - Vast stretch of coastal area

130. Species selection Fast growth rate Availability of seeds Hardness of species Conversion efficiency Acceptability of supplementary feed Compatibility with other species Market demand

131. Commercial Species in India Penaeus monodon - Tiger shrimp Penaeus indicus - White shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus - Flower shrimp Penaeus merguensis - Banana shrimp

132. Shrimp culture system Traditional : Pokkali culture/Gajani - Incoming tides trapped with young one of fish prawn/shrimp and other organisms. - fixing suitable screen at out let Extensive: - construction of new ponds-1-5 ac - lower density – 20,000-1,00,000PL/ha - No supplementary feeding - water quality with raise /fall tides - production 2-3 tons/ha/y

133. Semi-Intensive: - construction of earthen ponds- 0.2- 0.5 ha - high stocking at 1-4lakh PL/ha - maintained of water quality by exchange -10-20% - aerating the ponds by air blower/paddle wheels - Feed the shrimp with supplementary feed - production -8-10 ton/ha/y Intensive system: - construction of concrete ponds 0.03-0.1ha - stocking at high 5-10 lakhs PL /ha with high quality - maintained of water quality by exchanging 100% water a week. - aerating with air blower/ air paddle wheel - feeding with nutritionally balanced high energy feed - production is 20-30 ton/ha/y

134. Types of farm or water body Marine farm: free from influence of river discharge Estuarine farm: representing a transitional zone between the marine and fresh water zones. - towards the sea side more or less saline - towards the river side fresh water

135. Biology of shrimp Phylum - Arthopoda - jointed leg Class - Crustacea - shelled animal Subclass - Malacostraca- soft shelled Order - Decapoda - ten-toothed Sub-order - Natantia - Swimming decapods Family - Penaeidae Genus - Penaeus

136. External morphology

137. Sex Male - petasma situated ventrally between the 1 st pair of les Female - Thelycum situated in the ventral region between last three pair of walking legs Moulting/ Ecdysis : shedding of the exoskeleton Behavior: Nocturnal, buried day time and active in night

138. Larval stages of prawn Nauplii - yolk stage (6) - feed on yolk N1 to N6 Protozoea - three stages - Phytoplankton (P1 to P3) Unicellular algae Mysis - three stages - phyto and zoo M1 to M3 Post larvae - PL1 to PL 30 - Carnivorous

139. Life cycle of shrimp

140. Induced Maturation Physiological activities controlled by neurohormones Eye stalk hormones : control the metabolic activities moulting, osmoregulation, chromatophores production and reproduction. X-organ of eye stalk : gonad inhibiting hormones (GIH), release into the haemolymph.

141. Seed production : wild stock, recently started pure seed production through hatchery Feed production: nutritionally balanced high quality feed MPEDA and Govt. of India CMFRI-low cost feed technology Harvesting of shrimp: 15-20gm size / 30-35gm after 3 m - 4 th and 8 th day after full moon / new moon phase - partial harvesting in higher stocking - draining ponds and place a bag net at sluice gate - cast net is operated with the help of light on dyke

142. Brackish water fish culture Polyculture - fish and prawn Mullets - Pearl spot - Milk fish -

143. Mariculture Edible Oyster Culture 1. Crossastrea madrasensis 2. C. cucculata -Protection from wind, waves and current -Pollution free area -Sufficient tidal height -Sufficient primary productivity -Salinity about 20-35 ppt

144. Life cycle of Oyster Egg------------Fertilization-----------------Larvae------------------ Advanced larvae ( Veliger )------Spat-----Adult Culture step: Spat collection - Mar-May and Sept-Nov Growing on rafts Harvesting- using knives Depuration- running water, kept in 2ppm Cl2

145. Pearl Oyster culture Pinctada fucata P. maxima P. margaretifera

146. Eggs ---- Fertilization -------- Larvae ------ Trochopore larvae ------- Veliger larvae -------Spat -----Adult 1. Spat collection- June-Aug and Nov- Dec 2. growing- nucleus implantation by surgery, recovery tank. 7-10 days, growing tank for 18-24 months use: Pearl Meat is edible Shells for ornamental purpose

147. Mussel culture Perna indica - green mussel Perna viridis - brown mussel

148. Sea weed culture Caulerpa Enterormorpha Ulva Gracillaria Gelludella

149. Fish Processing PURPOSE AND SCOPE: Fish processors are facing dramatic increases in costs for discharging their effluent. This results from EU environmental legislation and may threaten the viability of many processing businesses. The emphasis is on the need for waste minimisation at source, although other possibilities including effluentm treatment and direct discharge are considered.

150. Introduction Fish processors have come to rely on the ready availability of water and upon using their drains as a convenient and low cost means of getting rid of waste. The sewage undertakers will have to place limits on what can be discharged into their sewers. In some areas these limits will necessitate the reduction of waste by fish processors.

151. Chilling and Storage of Chilled Products generally comprise a vertical cylindric evaporator. Ice is formed on the outer, inner, or on both the surfaces of evaporators