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1. MEDIEVAL BY :PRERANA.S.D

2. MEDIEVAL AGE: In the  history of Europe , the  Middle Ages  (or  medieval period ) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.  It began with the  fall of the Western Roman Empire  and merged into the  Renaissance  and the  Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history:  classical antiquity , the medieval period, and the  modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the  Early ,  High , and  Late Middle Ages . During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the  Medieval Warm Period  climate change allowed crop yields to increase.  Manorialism , 

3. Trade and economy: The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean.  African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or  Naples .   By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products were no longer found in Western Europe. The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages.  Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but the goods carried were simple, with little pottery or other complex products.

4. Around the Mediterranean, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium-range networks, not just produced locally. The various Germanic states in the west all had  coinages  that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms.  old continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century in 693-94 when it was replaced by silver in the Merovingian kindgon . The basic Frankish silver coin was the  denarius  or  denier , while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a  penny . From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000.  Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted.

5. medieval town planning: INTRODUCTION: The time span between fall of the Roman empire till the start of renaissance is termed as DARK AGES as no great construction or development was carried out during this period. Economy was rooted in agriculture and the feudal system was the new order . Merchants & craftsmen formed guilds to strengthen their social & economic position.

6. PLANNING: 1.Early medieval town was dominated by church or monastry & castle of lords . 2.For protective measures, towns were sited in irregular terrain, occupying hill tops or islands. Towns assumed informal & irregular character . 3.Church plaza became a market place . 4.Roads generally radiated from church plaza& market plaza to gates with secondary lateral roadways connecting them . 5.Castle was surrounded by wall & moat as a protective elements. Irregular pattern in planning was devised to confuse enemies; as enemies unfamiliar with town . Open spaces, streets, plazas developed as an integral part of site . Streets were used for pedestrian while wheels were restricted to main roads.

7. CITIES IN TWELTH & THERTINTH CENTURY: The city of middle ages grew within the confines of the walls. While the population was small, there was space in the town, but when it increased the buildings were packed more closely and the open spaces filled . Result was intolerable congestion, lack of hygiene and pestilence.

8. 2. NOERDLINGEN A Cathedral B Moat It shows the radial & lateral pattern of irregular road ways with the church plaza as the principal focal point of the town.

9. The Medieval dwelling  : The medieval dwelling was conceived as an individual fortress. The average dwelling was two stories in height. The work- room and storage Were on the first or basement. Sometimes kitchen was also located here. Living , dining & sleeping took place on the second floor. Masonry was the usual construction , although wood frame filled with Wattle & clay & roofed with thatch for comparison, a small manor house is shown .

10. It contains a ‘ hall’ & cooking were perforated on this floor. A dormitory or solar was located in the tower above the chapel. A drain pipe was imbedded in the wall for disposal of waste. The window had no glass and were protected with shutters. Manor houses were extended in size and formed the nucleus of villages in many cases.

11. Medieval architecture simply refers to architectural styles in medieval Europe during the middle ages. In fact, architecture during these times had gone through several changes and phases such as from Romanesque style to Gothic style . Medieval architecture featured various styles from Romanesque, French style and Gothic styles of architecture. Each style has distinctive medieval architectural characteristics.Romanesque architecture was widely adopted from 1066 to 1200 and was basically characterized by round arches and vaults . Most of the architectural structures during these times were highly characterized by the use of piers instead of columns. Generally, medieval builders preferred round arches at this time. However, this would occasionally vary from time to time, where they used slightly pointed arches instead.

12. Gothic style medieval architecture characteristics included stained-glass windows, the use of flying buttresses, tall spires, gargoyles, turrets and arches that were pointed instead of being round.