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1. Society Lec #4

2. Society August Comte the father of sociology saw society as a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function. We can define society as a group of people who share a common culture, occupy a particular territorial area and feel themselves to constitute a unified and distinct entity. It is the mutual interactions and interrelations of individuals and groups. The term society is most fundamental to sociology. It is derived from the Latin word socius which means companionship or friendship. According to George Simmel it is this element of sociability which defines the true essence of society

3. Characteristics of Society society is a largest human group. It satisfies the needs of its members. Society has sense of belonging and cooperation. It is abstract (Because social relationships can be felt and imagined and cannot be seen). Everyone in society is dependent upon every other member. It should be organized i.e. will be having division of labor. It has likeness and differences. Due to these differences, variety in human behaviors and division of labor and specialization of roles are there.

4. It is always changing. It has its own means to survive. It is a self-sufficient social system. It lasts for a longer period of time than groups and communities. It will form a social structure through social institutions i.e. family, education economic, political and religious institutions. These basic five institutions are found in all societies of the world. One of the characteristic of society has its own culture.

5. community Man cannot live alone. He is related in many ways to his fellows to form a group. But it is not possible for man to become the member of all groups. He establishes relations only with those people who reside near him in a definite locality. It is natural that people who reside in a particular area for a considerable length of time develop social likeness among themselves. They develop common social ideas, common traditions and customs, sense of belonging together. This fact of social living and common specific area gives birth to community.

6. Definition of community E. S. Bogardus : Community is “a social group with some degree of “we-feeling” and living in a given area ”. K. Davis : Community is “the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social Talcott Parsons : “A community is that collectivity the members of which share a common territorial area as their base of operation for daily activities”.

7. Characteristics of community 1) A group of people: A group of people is the most fundamental or essential characteristic or element of community. This group may be small or large but community always refers to a group of people. Because without a group of people we can’t think of a community, when a group of people live together and share a common life and binded by a strong sense of community consciousness at that moment a community is formed. Hence a group of people is the first pre-requisites of community.

8. (2) A definite locality: It is the next important characteristic of a community. Because community is a territorial group. A group of people alone can’t form a community. A group of people forms a community only when they reside in a definite territory. The territory need not be fixed forever. A group of people like nomadic people may change their habitations. But majority community are settled and a strong bond of unity and solidarity is derived from their living in a definite locality.

9. (3) Community Sentiment: It is another important characteristic or element of community. Because without community sentiment a community can’t be formed only with a group of people and a definite locality. Community sentiment refers to a strong sense of awe feeling among the members or a feeling of belonging together. It refers to a sentiment of common living that exists among the members of a locality. Because of common living within an area for a long time a sentiment of common living is created among the members of that area. With this the members emotionally identify themselves. This emotional identification of the members distinguishes them from the members of other community.

10. (4)  Naturality : Communities are naturally organized. It is neither a product of human will nor created by an act of government. It grows spontaneously. Individuals became the member by birth.

11. (5) Permanence : Community is always a permanent group. It refers to a permanent living of individuals within a definite territory. It is not temporary like that of a crowd or association.

12. (6) Similarity: The members of a community are similar in a number of ways. As they live within a definite locality they lead a common life and share some common ends. Among the members similarity in language, culture, customs, and traditions and in many other things is observed. Similarities in these respects are responsible for the development of community sentiment

13. (7) Wider Ends A community has wider ends. Members of a community associate not for the fulfillment of a particular end but for a variety of ends. These are natural for a community.

14. (8) Total organized social life: A community is marked by total organized social life. It means a community includes all aspects of social life. Hence a community is a society in miniature.

15. (9) A Particular Name : Every community has a particular name by which it is known to the world. Members of a community are also identified by that name. For example people living in Odisha is known as odia .

16. (10) No Legal Status: A community has no legal status because it is not a legal person. It has no rights and duties in the eyes of law. It is not created by the law of the land

17. (11) Size of Community: A community is classified on the basis of it’s size. It may be big or small. Village is an example of a small community whereas a nation or even the world is an example of a big community. Both the type of community are essential for human life

18. (12) Concrete Nature: A community is concrete in nature. As it refers to a group of people living in a particular locality we can see its existence. Hence it is concrete

19. Types of community Rural community Urban community

20. Urban community Urban community is the opposite of rural community. The urban people lifestyle are highly impersonal with each other along high degree of complexity and heterogeneity in their living style and identities. It is actually a product of rational choice. A complex division of labour with specialization in their jobs is the identity of urban community. Modern civic facilities are usually available.

21. Rural Community Rural community is a natural phenomenon. It is present in every society of the world having distinct culture and pattern of social life. It is actually a product of natural free will of the people having extreme similarity in their objectives and ambitions of living. Agriculture is the main identity and element. People of this community mostly have. Face to face ‘interaction with high degree of homogeneity in their identities. Basic urban facilities like school, hospital, market, municipal office, police station etc. are usually missing in this community.

22. Characteristics of rural life a. Size of the Community: The village communities are smaller in area than the urban communities. As the village communities are small, the population is also low.

23. b. Density of Population: As the density of population is low, the people have intimate relationships and face-to-face contacts with each other. In a village, everyone knows everyone

24. c. Agriculture is the Main Occupation Agriculture is the fundamental occupa­tion of the rural people and forms the basis of rural economy. A farmer has to perform various agricultural activities for which he needs the cooperation of other members. Usually, these members are from his family. Thus, the mem­bers of the entire family share agricultural activities. That is the reason why Lowry Nelson has mentioned that farming is a family enterprise.

25. d. Close Contact with Nature The rural people are in close contact with nature as most of their daily activities revolve around the natural environment. This is the reason why a ruralite is more influenced by nature than an urbanite. The villagers consider land as their real mother as they depend on it for their food, clothing and shelter.

26. Homogeneity of Population: The village communities are homogenous in nature. Most of their inhabitants are connected with agriculture and its allied occupations, though there are people belonging to different castes, religions and classes.

27. f. Social Stratification: In rural society, social stratification is a traditional characteristic, based on caste. The rural society is divided into various strata on the basis of caste.

28. g. Social Interaction The frequency of social interaction in rural areas is com­paratively lower than in urban areas. However, the interaction level possesses more stability and continuity. The relationships and interactions in the prima­ry groups are intimate. The family fulfills the needs of the members and exer­cises control over them. It is the family, which introduces the members to the customs, traditions and culture of the society. Due to limited contacts, they do not develop individuality and their viewpoint towards the outside world is very narrow, which makes them oppose any kind of violent change.

29. h. Social Mobility: In rural areas, mobility is rigid as all the occupations are based on caste. Shifting from one occupation to another is difficult as caste is determined by birth. Thus, caste hierarchy determines the social status of the rural people

30. j. Joint Family Another characteristic feature of the rural society is the joint family system. The family controls the behaviour of the individuals. Generally, the father is the head of the family and is also responsible for maintaining the discipline among members. He manages the affairs of the family.

31. i. Social Solidarity: The degree of social solidarity is greater in villages as com­pared to urban areas. Common experience, purposes, customs and traditions form the basis of unity in the villages

32. Urbanism Urbanism refers to the distinctive social and cultural patterns that develop in cities. “ City ,’’ ‘‘ urban  site,” “urban society,” and “urbanization” are often used to refer to the physical structures as well as the social activities in an urban society. Cities have always been key sites for transcultural connections such as local and long distance trade and the transmission of innovations. They further have been the centers where political and economic power relations are instituted and maintained. Within urban centers multiple cultures develop, interact, and create social change.

33. Characteristics of Urbanism: 1. The diversity of social life (Normal and social role conflict) 2. Rapid social and cultural change. 3. Impersonalness and lack of intimate communication. 4. Materialism 5. Individualism 6. Mobility

34. 1. The norm and social role conflicts: The diversity of social life springs from the size, density and heterogeneity of the population, extreme specialization of the various occupations and class structures existing in the larger communities. These latter factors generally result in divergent group norms and values and conflicting social roles.

35. 2. Rapid social and cultural change: Rapid social and cultural change also characterize urban life. So there is decline in the significance of traditional and sacred things. The reduced size of the modern family is the result of rapid social and cultural change.

36. 3.  Impersonalness and lack of intimate communication: There is superficiality and impersonalness among the urbanities. Urban society is highly heterogeneous and specialized. So, the result is lack of intimate relationship. The urban people live close together but without emotional ties. Urban social relation takes place between strangers.

37. 4. Materialism: Urban people give primary importance to material possessions. They live and are known for their status symbols, bank balances, assets, salaries, buildings with modem furnishings etc.

38. 5. Individualism: In urban society people become more j individualistic, self- centred , selfish and so on. They give primary emphasis to their own interests and personal happiness, they develop the attitude towards competition, conflict in relation to economic goods and social position.

39. 6. Mobility: Here in urban society there is greater mobility. People move from one job to another, from one locality to another. The ^ residential mobility tends to weaken ties to the local community.

40. 7. Increase in formal social controls: Social controls in urban society Is more formal. Responsibility for controlling behaviour in cities is largely shifting to the police, the courts and other agencies of government to enforce the norms of certain groups. Cities vary in the extent or the degree to which they are characterised by urban qualities. Some cities have less norm and role conflicts, social change, mobility, individualism and impersonality than others.

41. Rural – Urban convergence

42. Society The term “society” means relationships social beings, men, express their nature by creating and re-creating an organization which guides and controls their behavior in myriad ways. Society liberates and limits the activities of men and it is a necessary condition of every human being and need to fulfillment of life. Society is a system of usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid many divisions of controls of human behavior and of liber-ties . This changing system, we call society and it is always changing . Society exists only where social beings “ behave” toward one another in ways determined by their recognition of one another.

43. Individual and Society Man is a social animal. He lives in social groups in communities and in society. Human life and society almost go together. Man cannot live without society. Man is biologically and psychologically equipped to live in groups, in society. Society has become an essential condition for human life to arise and to continue. The relationship between individual and society is ultimately one of the profound of all the problems of social philosophy. It is more philosophical rather than sociological because it involves the question of values. Man depends on society. It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and encompassed by culture, a societal force. It is in the society again that he has to conform to the norms, occupy statuses and become members of groups.

44. two main theories regarding the relationship of man and society Social Contract theory Organismic theory of society

45. Social Contract theory The social contract theory throws light on the origin of the society. According to this theory all men are born free and equal. Society came into existence because of the agreement entered into by the individuals. The classical representatives of this school of thought are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau.

46. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was of opinion that society came into being as a means for the protection of men against the consequences of their own nature. Man in the state of nature was in perpetual conflict with his neighbors on account of his essentially selfish nature. 'The life of man was solitary poor, nasty and short'. Every man was an enemy to every other man. Hobbes in his book Leviathan has made it clear that man found nothing but grief in the company of his fellows. Since the conditions in the state of nature were intolerable and men longed for peace, the people entered into a kind of social contract to ensure for themselves security and certainty of life and property. By mutual agreement they decided to surrender their natural rights into the hands of a few or one with authority to command. The agreement was of each with all and of all with each other. The contract became binding on the whole community as perpetual social bond. Thus in order to protect himself against the evil consequences of his own nature man organized himself in society in order to live in peace with all.

47. John Locke John Locke believed that man in the state of nature was enjoying an ideal liberty free from all sorts of rules and regulations. The state of nature was a state of peace, goodwill, mutual assistance and preservation.But there was no recognized system of law and justice. Hence his peaceful life was often upset by the corruption and viciousness of degenerate men. The men were forced to live in full of fears and continual dangers. In order to escape from this and to gain certainty and security men made a contract to enter into civil society or the state. This contract Locke called social contract. This contract put an end to the state of nature and substituted it by civil society. The social contract was no more than a surrender of rights and powers so that man's remaining rights would be protected and preserved. The contract was for limited and specific purposes and what was given up or surrendered to the whole community and not to a man or to an assembly of men. According to Locke the social contract later on contributed to the governmental control. The governmental contract was made by the society when it established a government and selected a ruler to remove the inconveniences of ill –condition.

48. Jean Jacques Rousseau Rousseau the French writer of the 18th century in his famous book The Social Contract wrote that man in the state of nature was a noble savage who led a life of primitive simplicity and idyllic happiness. He was independent, contented, self-sufficient, healthy, fearless and good. It was only primitive instinct and sympathy which united him with others. He knew neither right or wrong and was free from all notions of virtue and vice . Man enjoyed a pure, unsophisticated, innocent life of perfect freedom and equality in the state of nature. But these conditions did not last long. Population increased and reason was dawned. Simplicity and idyllic happiness disappeared. Families were established, institution of property emerged and human equality was ended. Man began to think in terms of mine and yours . When equality and happiness of the early state was lost, war, murder, conflicts became the order of the day. The escape from this was found in the formation of a civil society. Natural freedom gave place to civil freedom by a social contract. As a result of this contract a multitude of individuals became a collective unity- a civil society .Rousseau said that by virtue of this contract everyone while uniting himself to all remains as free as before

49. criticism The theory of social contract has been widely criticized as historically there is nothing to show that the society has ever been deliberately created as a result of voluntary agreement or contract. Nor can we suppose that man could ever think of entering into a contract with others when he lived under conditions of extreme simplicity, ignorance and even brutality. The theory seemed to be mere fiction as state of nature never existed. The most primitive people even lived in some form of society however rudimentary or unorganized. There are always two parties to the contract. There cannot be a one-sided contract as was conceived by Hobbes. The advocates of the theory hold that the early individuals entered into the contract for their individual safety and security of property. But history tells us the other way. Early law was more communal than individual and the unit of society was not the individual but the family. Society has moved from status to contract and not from contract to status as the theorists of the social contract argued. According to Sir Henry Maine contract is not the beginning of society but the end of it

50. Organismic Theory of Society Man is a social animal. He lives in social groups in communities and in society. Human life and society almost go together. Man cannot live without society. Man is biologically and psychologically equipped to live in groups, in society. Society has become an essential condition for human life to arise and to continue. The relationship between individual and society is ultimately one of the profound of all the problems of social philosophy. It is more philosophical rather than sociological because it involves the question of values. Man depends on society. It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and encompassed by culture, a societal force. It is in the society again that he has to conform to the norms, occupy statuses and become members of groups. The question of the relationship between the individual and the society is the starting point of many discussions. It is closely connected with the question of the relationship of man and society. There is two main theories regarding the relationship of man and society .They are the social contract theory and the organismic theory.

51. Social and cultural evolution of society A. Hunting & Gathering Society B. Herding & Advance Herding Society C. Horticultural Society D. Agrarian Society E. Industrial Society F. Post Modern Society

52. A. Hunting & Gathering Society individuals of this society used to find their subsistence on hunting the animals and gathering food from forest plants. This society being the earliest one was marked with following characteristics; Mobile and Fluid Consist of Nomadic People or Wanderers Low population density Division of labor was present Lack of surplus food Continuous struggle to seek food

53. B. Herding & Advance Herding Society Individuals living in this society were dependent upon the herding of farm animals. Domesticated livestock was their primary means subsistence. This society carried following features; Nomadic people who used to move in search for fresh pastures for animals Division of labor was present Food was adequate as along with hunting and gathering, herding became their source Greater population density than in the previous society As far as the society of advance herding is concerned, it developed with the introduction of modern mechanized methods of herding.

54. C. Horticultural Society At this evolutionary phase of society, individuals begin to find resources of subsistence in cultivation of crops with the help of hand tools. This society was marked with following characteristics: Larger population density Establishment of rural life Surplus food Work in fields Division of labor Settled and non-nomadic society

55. D. Agrarian Society Horticultural society transformed into agrarian society with the introduction of agriculture as a profession. In this society following characteristics were obvious: Use of modern tools for agriculture Introduction of money crops Agriculture adopted as a profession Surplus crop production Accumulation of excessive crops Sale of crops Greater population density

56. E. Industrial Society With the industrial revolution the society began the phase of rapid transformation. Establishing industry which aimed at larger mechanized production was marked with following features; Institution of profit Production Laborers and wages concept Working hours and idea of jobs More than required food was available Industrial revolutions in Europe in 18th and 19th centuries

57. F. Post Modern Society After the industrial revolutions the means of subsistence changed and society faced a boost in advancement. Post Modern society became obvious with rise of following prospects; Service oriented work Large scale production Age of information technology Concepts of knowledge and Creativity Extensive mechanization in society Population boom Vast urban centers