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1. “Adoption of Recommended Production Practices of Rice in Chitwan, Nepal ” A Proposal on Prepared by Nishan Khatri AEC-06M-2022 Date: 2079/11/25 1

2. BACKGROUND Rice is : Principal cereal crop Major staple food for 60% of world production Rank 3 rd in the production after maize and wheat Global area 163 millions hectare Global production 756 million tons Global productivity 4.55 t ha -1 Source: (FAOSTAT , 2019) Leading producers of rice in the world China 28 % India 23.5 % Indonesia 7.2 % Bangladesh 7 % Vietnam 5.7 % Area 1473474 hectare Production 5621710 tons Productivity 3.81 t ha -1 Rank 1 st in Nepal Source: ( MoALD , 2022) Source: (AKC, Chitwan, 2022) Source: (USDA,2020) Scenario of Chitwan Area 22972 ha Production 84996 mt Productivity 3.7 t ha -1

3. Rice is grown worldwide in almost 100 countries on 165 million hectares with a total production of 750 MT (IRRI, 2019). Rice is the major staple food in Nepal. Rice is grown from the lowland of terai to high hills in Nepal (Sapkota et al., 2011). It fulfills 50% of the total grain requirement and 30% of the total calorie requirement of the country ( Dhungel and Acharya, 2017). Nepal imported rice worth Rs 50.48 billion in the fiscal year 2021/22, which was 51.4 percent more than the expense made on the import of the same agricultural product in the previous year ( NRB,2022) Nepal has seen decreased paddy harvest year-on-year due to reduction in rice fields. The country has lost an estimated 100,000 hectares of paddy land in the last one decade alone, while the average productivity also stands at mere 3.8 tons per hectare ( Pokhrel et al.,2021) Chitwan has still lagged behind in increasing productivity to fulfill the rice demand of increasing population. (Ojha et al.,2019) According to 15th 5 Year Plan (2019), strategy has been developed for increasing current productivity 3.52 tons/ha to 4.5 tons/ha by year 2080/81 BS

4. This can only achieved by encouraging farmers to use modern farming technologies and machineries reducing drudgeries. The contribution of the improved production technology on economic growth can only be achieved when it has been disseminated properly and understanding of factors affecting the adoption is very much important( Ghimire and Parajuli,2019). It had been noted that there is scarcity of labor due to emigration of youths to foreign in search of employment opportunities. So, cost of labor is increasing ultimately increasing the cost of cultivation. So, the use of machines like power tillers, tractors, threshers, rice trans planters will help to reduce cost of cultivation and as well as saves time. ( Acharya and Bhandari, 2017) Several technologies have been generated by research to solve the problems of rice growers but not all have been adopted by the farmers. Some farmers are very quick to adopt improved innovations and put them into action but some farmer do not adopt innovations because the adoption of improved technologies varies from farmer to farmer according to their knowledge, ineffective communication methods, socio-economic factors, extension contact and availabilities of resources( kharg , 2014). Technologies would have no value if farmers are not adopting and their socio economic status is not being improved. Adoption is a process by which a particular farmer is exposed to, considers and finally rejects or practices a particular innovation ( Moshe,2012)

5. A major difference between the diffusion and adoption process is that diffusion occurs among persons while adoption is an individual matter (Dangol,2004). The variables such as level of education, opinion leadership status, organizational membership, extension contact, group size, formalization, satisfaction, sources of information and member’s attitude were found to be relatively positive with the level of adoption (Upreti,2003). Since the inception of rice research program in 1972, a number of rice technologies/varieties have been developed but the status of adoption of these technologies have not been studied in the hilly area of Nepal. Rice is the main crop of Chitwan district in terms of land coverage and production. Chitwan, a inner terai district lies in Bagmati Province of Nepal. The total area and production of rice is 22972 ha and production is 84996mt. respectively. The productivity of rice is 3.7 mt per ha ( AKC,Chitwan,2022). There is huge yield gap between the research farm and in farmer’s field. To reduce the gap, it is needed to find the main reasons of lower yield and low level of technology adoption. Limited study has been conducted in this sector. The findings would be useful to the farmers, extension workers, researchers, and policy makers to develop effective rice development program.

6. Objectives General Objective To assess the scenario of the recommended production practices adopted among rice growers in Chitwan , Nepal. Specific objectives To analyze the recommended production practices used by farmers To identify the problem encountered by farmers during rice cultivation To evaluate the current status of farm mechanization in rice cultivation To determine the factors influencing the adoption of recommended production practices in rice production

7. Figure: Conceptual framework on adoption of recommended rice production technology

8. QUESTIONARIE Dear respondents, I am here to collect some information from you for a research study entitled "ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED PRODUCTION PRACTICES OF RICE IN CHITWAN, NEPAL”. I am Nishan Khatri studying Master in Agricultural Economics in Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur Campus. The data obtained are solely for the purpose of study and nothing else. The information will be kept confidential and findings will be generalized for the rice producers as a whole. Your cooperation is very important and will be highly acknowledged. Name of the respondent : Contact number: Date: Signature :

9. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR 1. Name of the respondent: ………………………………………………… sex: …………….. (1) Male (2) Female Contact No……………………………. 2. Age of respondent: …………… years 3. Marital status A) married B) unmarried   4. Education level A) illiterate B) Primary school (grade 1-6) C) Secondary school (grade 7-12) D) Graduated 5. Major Occupation A) Agriculture B) Government service C) Non- government service D) Others 6. Ethnicity A) Brahmin/ Chhetri B) Janajati C) Dalit D) Others (specify)

10. 7. Religion Hindu B) Buddhist C) Christian D) Muslim E) Others (specify) 8. Total no. of household members (active labor force) 9. Do you have any Membership in social groups? Farmers groups B) Co-operatives C) Both 10. Do you own land? Yes B) No Gender Age Economically Active populations <15 years 15-60 years >60 years Male         Female        

11. 11. If yes, mention the source and size of farmland? Own farm size B) From share cropping C) Rental from other sources 12. Land Holding ( Kattha ) 13. How is the condition of your land? A) Fragmented B) Unfragmented Type of Land Irrigated area Rainfed (Non irrigated) Total Cultivated Land       Fallow Land       Rice Cultivated land     Leased Out       Leased In      

12. 14. How many types of crops are growing in your land? 15. What amount of money you earn annually from your income sources? S.N. Types of Crops Cultivated Land Productivity 1 Rice     2 Maize     3 Wheat     4 Potato     5 Vegetables     6 Others     S.N. Income source Amount (Rs) 1 Agriculture   2 Livestock   3 Job/Remittance   4 Labor   5 Others  

13. Production Practices 1.Do you add FYM at the time of land preparation? A.Yes B. No If yes, then time of application:…………………. Amount:…………………. 2.Doses of fertilizer application. Top dressing of urea at how many day? ......... How many times do you top dressed? A. one B) two C) three D) none What is the ease of availability of these fertilizers whenever required? Easily Available on Time B) Hardly Available C) Not available during need D) Have to buy stock priory of cultivation  S.N  Name of Fertilizer Dose (Kg/ha) Basal Top dressing Foliar application 1. Urea       2. DAP       3. MOP       4. Zinc      

14. 3. How many times you perform tillage including puddling? A)2 B)3 C)4 D)5 e) If more specify ……….. 4. What do you use for land preparation? Cultivator B) Rotavator C) Bullock D) others specify……. 5. What is the seed rate you use for nursery preparation?.................................... 6. What type of seed do you use? Local B) Improved C) Hybrid D) Both b and c Enlist the Variety that you used …………………………………………………. 7. What is the Source of seed? Own stored B) From Agrovet C) From Agriculture Office/ Cooperatives D) If others specify… 8. Do you perform any kind of seed treatment before sowing? Yes B) No If yes what sort of treatment is done? A) Water B) Chemical C) Sun drying D) Others specify…….

15. 9.Do you perform DSR? A) Yes B) No 10.Type of nursery: A) Wet Nursery B) Dry Nursery C) Tray D) o thers specify 11. What is the age of the seedling you use for transplantation?........................ 12.Transplantation Method: with spacing In line………………. B) Zigzag C) With machine…………………. 13.Do you provide Irrigation to your field? A) Yes B) No (Rainfed) If Yes, at what interval ………….. What is the source of Irrigation? Irrigation Canal B) Shallow Tube well C) Deep boring D) If others specify …………… Is irrigation available all year around? A) Yes B) No

16. 14. Do you follow the schedule of irrigation? Yes B) No 15. How often do you test your soil? A) Yearly basis B) Seasonal Basis C) Whenever Free-soil testing camp is done in our locality D) Never 16. What type of weed control method do you use? A) Manual B) Chemical C) Both D) Mechanical If manual, Time of weeding and Days of weeding:…………………………. days of transplantation If chemical Time of application of Herbicide: ……………………………… … days of transplantation   .Do you apply any insect control measure? A) Yes B) No If yes What type of measure you use? Cultural B) Biological C) Chemical D) IPM E) if any both mention 22. Do you use any disease control measure? A) Yes B) No If Yes What type of measure do you use? A) Local B) Chemical

17. 23. How do you apply the insect and pest control measure? A) Using domestic tools B) Using manual knapsack sprayer C) power knapsack sprayer D) others 24. Do you use at the recommended doses? Yes B) No 25 How do you harvest your crop? A) Manual B) Reaper C) Combine Harvester 26. How do you perform threshing? A) Manual B) Mechanical Thresher C) Manual Thresher 27. How do you store the rice? A) In metal bins B) In sack C) In wooden bin D) In bamboo bhakaro 28. Do you use any treatment for storage of rice? A) Yes B) No 29. Do you maintain the record ? A) Yes b) No

18. C. Cost and Production 1) What was the tentative cost of production of rice production per kattha ? Cost of seed…………………………. Tentative labor cost …………………………. Cost of machinery use…………………………. Tentative cost of organic manure…………………………. Tentative cost of fertilizers…………………………. Cost of pesticides…………………………. Cost of irrigation…………………………. Others ……………………………….. 2. Yield of the rice per kattha …………… 3. At what price do you sell the maize per quintal?.................... 4. Are you satisfied with the production and yield? A. Yes B. No

19. D. Problems generally encountered during Rice cultivation. (rank it) E. Access to credit 1. Do you have access to credit service? A) Yes B) No If yes, please mention the type of institution? 1= Cooperatives 2= Banks 3=Local lender 4= Saving group 5= Others (Please specify) 2. Is it easy to get credit for agriculture? A) Yes B) No Problems Rank Irrigation   Insect/pest   Inputs   Labor   Weeds  

20. F. Contact and visit to Extension workers 1. Are you member of any agriculture cooperatives or group? A) Yes B) No 2. Did you visit or get advice from agriculture technician about rice cultivation? A) Yes B) No 3.Have you taken part in any kind of training related to the rice cultivation? A) Yes B) No 4. How often do you visit to the agriculture related office? A)Weekly B) Monthly C) Once a year D) Several times a year E) Not at all 5. Do you have any contact with any extension worker working in your village? Yes b. No 6. Do you get the manpower easily for cultivation? Yes b. No 7.What kinds of Agriculture Extension Materials are obtained by you about rice cultivation? a. Poster b. Pamphlet c. Demonstrations d. Television/Radio e. Others 8. Do you follow all the information obtained from there in the material? a. Yes b. No

21. G. What do you think is the most important barrier (factor) affecting adoption of mechanization? Please prioritize. H. What do you think is the important factor that has helped to achieve present status of mechanization Factors high medium low a) low income status of farmers       b)unavailability of machineries in the market       c) lack of awareness among farmers       d) Low subsidy than demand       e) mechanization is expensive than draft and human power       Factors high medium low a) Subsidy sheme of government       b)Animate power is expensive than the mechanical       c) Income status of people has increased and can afford the machines       d) Shortage of labour       e)Training / information on scientific cultivation practices      

22. I. What is your view towards rice cultivation rather than other crop cultivation? a)Highly satisfied b) Moderately satisfied c) undecided d)Moderately unsatisfied e) Highly unsatisfied   J. Are you satisfied with the activities conducted by PMAMP rice zone, Chitwan ? a)Highly satisfied b ) Moderately satisfied c) undecided d)Moderately unsatisfied e ) Highly unsatisfied   K. What are your suggestions for the increment of maize production and productivity? 1. …………………………………. 2. ……………………………………

23. Thank You!!!