presentation11-240822162615-3d10cc7d (1).pdf

pina bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the neural tube doesn't form or close properly during pregnancy, resulting in defects in the spine and spinal cord. The neural tube is the structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and spinal cord, and it begins to form early in pregnancy and closes about four weeks after conception.
Spina bifida can range in severity from mild to severe, and can occur anywhere along the spine. The most common and serious form is called myelomeningocele (MMC), where the spinal cord and nerves push through the open bones in the spine and protrude from the fetus' back.
Symptoms of spina bifida can include:
An abnormal area on the back, such as a dimple, birthmark, hairy patch, or pouch-like bulge
Tight and weak muscles
Abnormal bone and joint growth or dislocation
Loss of feeling below the opening
Weakness or paralysis of the legs or feet
Problems with bladder and bowel control
Other complications can include hydrocephalus, a buildup of excess fluid around the brain, and learning problems.
The cause of spina bifida is unknown, but a lack of folic acid before and during early pregnancy is a significant risk factor. Spina bifida is often associated with other developmental abnormalities, so a multidisciplinary medical plan may be important for survival and positive outcomes. Treatments may include physical therapy, mobility aids, and surgery.
Spina bifida - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
19 Dec 2023 — Sometimes it can cause loss of movement, known as paralysis. Whether a child can walk depends on the location of the sp...

Mayo Clinic
Spina Bifida Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Spina bifida - NHS
Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is the structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and ...

NHS
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This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. Generative AI is experimental.

1. Ms. Archana B
MSc Nursing 1
st
year
Dept of Medical Surgical Nursing
Ganga college of nursing
Coimbatore

2. SPINAL DEFECT
ANDDEFORMITIES

3. Anatomy and physiology of spinal cord

4. Spinal deformities
•An abnormal curve in your spine,
such as scoliosis or kyphosis

5. Type of spinal deformities
•Scoliosis
•Kyphosis
•lordosis

6. Scoliosis
•Scoliosis is an abnormal
lateral curvature of the
spine it is most often
diagnosed in childhood or
early adolescence

7. Incidence
The primary age of scoliosis is 10 to 15 years old
Occurring both gender
Scoliosis effect about 5 million peoples in India

8. Type of scoliosis
•Structural
•Non structural

9. Structural scoliosis
•Structural scoliosis is the most common type
of scoliosis
•This type of scoliosis affect the spinal structure
•It involves a side to side curvature

10. Type of structural
scoliosis
❖Idiopathic
❖neuromuscular

11. Idiopathicscoliosis
•Infantile scoliosis it is developed at the age of 0 to 3
years
•Juvenilescoliosis develops at the age of 4 to 10 years
•Adolescence scoliosis is develops at the age of 11 to
18 years

12. Neuromuscular scoliosis
•Neuromuscular is secondary neurological or muscular disease
•Neuromuscular scoliosis associated with cerebral palsy, spinal
cord trauma, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy and
spina bifida.

13. Nonstructural scoliosis
•Nonstructural scoliosis is also known as functional
scoliosis result from a temporary cause and only involve
a side to side curvature of the spine that is no spine
rotation

14. Assessment
❖Cobbs angle
❖Sociometer
❖Adam forward bent test

15. Cobbs angle test
1.10degrees –minimum angulation
2.10-15 –Required regular check up
3.20-40 –Required brace
4.40-50 –Required surgery

16. Sociometer
•To measure asymmetry
•Used at 3areas
•Upper thoracic T3-T4
•Middle thoracic T5 –T12
•Thoracic lumbar area T12,L1-L2, L3
•More than 7 consider as abnormal

17. ADAM’s forward scale
•It can be used to make a distinction between structural scoliosis and
nonstructural scoliosis

18. On observation

19. Clinical manifestation
•Lateral deviation of spine
•Rib hump
•The intertemporal space is narrow

20. Investigation
•Physicalexamination
•X-ray
•CT scan
•MRI

21. Medical
management

22. Halo traction

23. SPIROMETRY EXERCISE

24. Nutrition therapy
•Healthy fats like
•avocados,
•coconuts,
•egg yolk,
•and lots of nuts
High-quality protein from grass-fed
animals. Herbal teas and fresh
vegetable juices

25. Surgical management
•Spinal fusion
•Expanding rod

26. Nursing management
•Check the patient conscious level
•Check vital signs
•Check the patient intake and output
•Check the bowel pattern
•Encourage the patient intake of protein rich diet.
•Check the fluids therapy

27. Kyphosis

28. Definition
•General term used excessive backward convexity
of the spine
•Kyphosis is found in children

29. Causes
•Habitual bed poster
•Arthritis
•Rheumatism
•Lung affection
•Neuromuscular weakness
•Tuberculosis
•Spondylitis
•Congenital anomalies

30. Types of kyphosis
•Round kyphosis
•Angular kyphosis

31. Round kyphosis
•Gentle backpack curvature of
spinal Colum mostly seen
elderly and in post-menopausal
women who have osteoporosis

32. Angular kyphosis
•A sharp prominence of spinal
•Commonly seen in tuberculosis or
some vertebral fractures

33. Diagnostic evaluation
•The syndrome is diagnosed 10-15 years of age
•Complete x ray from shoulder to pelvis

34. Management
•Exercise

35. Medical management
•Non steroid
•Ibuprofen
•Naproxen

36. Lordosis
Lordosis is the inward curvature of the
portion

37. ETIOLOGY
❖Poor poster
❖Congenital problem of vertebrae
❖Back surgery
❖Hip problem
❖Rickets may leads to lordosis

38. Clinical manifestation
•Back pain
•Pain down the leg

39. Dignosticevaluation
•X-ray
•Bone scan
•Ct scan MRI scan
•Blood investigation

40. Management
•Brace
•Exercise

41. Spinal defects

42. Etiology
•Genetics
•maternally age above 35 years below 20 years environmental
•folic acid deficiency

43. Classification

44. Spina bifida
occulta
Spina bifida occulta is a
mild form of spina bifida
where there is a small
defect in the spinal
vertebrae, but the spinal
cord and nerves are not
exposed. It often causes no
symptoms and is usually
found incidentally during
imaging for other reasons

45. Spina bifida cystica
•Defect in the closure of
posterior vertebral arch
with proportion of spinal
cord and meninges through
the defect

46. meningocele
Meningocele is a
form of spina bifida
where a fluid-filled
sac containing the
spinal cord’s
protective coverings
protrudes through a
spinal defect. The
spinal cord stays in
place but can cause
complications.
Surgery is usually
needed to repair it.

47. Myelomeningocele
Myelomeningocele is
a severe form of
spina bifida where
both the spinal cord
and its protective
coverings protrude
through an opening
in the spine. It often
requires surgical
intervention and can
cause significant
neurological issues

48. Clinical features
Spina bifida occulta
•Dimple in the skin
•Growth of hair Over malformed vertebra
•Once child starting grow ,he may develop foot weekness
•Weakness’ of bowel sphincter
•Disturbance of bladder

49. meningocele
External cystic defect
•Weakness of leg
•Lack of spincture control

50. myelomeningocele
•Herniation mass
•Hydrocephalus
•Loss of motor control

51. Diagnostic evaluation
•Ultrasound
•Fetal MRI
•Amniocenteses
•CT scan

52. Management
➢Laminectomy –closer of the defect with in
24-48 hours of birth

53. Nursing management
•Prevention of infection
•Prevention of injury in the sac
•Prevention of skin breaks
•Prevention of urinary tract infection
•Providing adequate nutrition

54. Complications
•Frequently UTI
•Hydrocephalus
•Loss of bladder and bowel control
•Meningitis
•Paralysis of the leg

55. Prevention
•Genetics counselling
•Folic acid supplements
•It severely defect is detected in early pregnancy
therapeutic abortion may consider