PREVALENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN URINE

PREVALENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN URINE

2. INTRODUCTION
The burgeoning threat of antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) poses a significant challenge to public
health, particularly in developing countries like
Nigeria (Okeke, 2018).
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common
health issue among university students, with a
high prevalence rate in Nigeria (Okeke, 2018).
Research in Nigeria has shown a high
prevalence of AMR among Gram-negative
bacteria, particularly E. coli and K. pneumoniae
(Adebayo et al., 2018; Oyagu et al., 2020).

3. STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
The escalating AMR among Gram-negative
bacteria is a growing concern, with high resistance
rates reported in Nigeria (Okeke, 2018).
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has
reduced the effectiveness of empirical therapy.

4. JUSTIFICATION
This cross-sectional study is justified by the need
to provide valuable insights into the antimicrobial
susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative bacteria
in UTIs among university students.
The findings will contribute to the development of
effective treatment strategies and antibiotic
stewardship programs in Nigeria.

5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Determine the prevalence of Gram-negative
bacteria in UTIs among university students.
Identify the most common Gram-negative
isolates responsible for UTIs.
Investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns of the identified Gram-negative bacteria.
Determine the multidrug resistance rates among
the identified Gram-negative bacteria.
Compare the susceptibility patterns of the
isolates with existing data.

6. MATERIALS
Urine samples, nutrient agar, MacConkey agar,
Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar, urea broth,
indole test reagents, oxidase test reagents,
Mueller-Hinton agar, antibiotic discs (ampicillin,
ciprofloxacin, imipenem, gentamicin), disposable
sensi-discs, sterile cotton swabs, urine collection
containers, laboratory gloves, pipettes, incubator,
autoclave.

7. METHODS
Urine samples were collected from students with
suspected UTIs
Bacterial isolation and identification were done using
standard microbiological techniques
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed
using the disk diffusion method

8. EXPECTED OUTCOME
High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance
among Gram-negative bacteria, particularly E. coli
and K. pneumoniae.
High multidrug resistance rates among the
identified Gram-negative bacteria.
Variation in susceptibility patterns compared to
existing data.

9. REFERRENCES
1.Okeke, I. N. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria.
Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(3), 253-261.
2.Adebayo, A. O., & Oyagu, C. E. (2018). Antimicrobial
resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in Nigeria.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 56(12), e01448-17.
3.Oyagu, C. E., & Adebayo, A. O. (2020). Prevalence of
multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Nigeria.
Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 20, 105-111.
4.World Health Organization. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance.
5.Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District laboratory practice in
tropical countries. Cambridge University Press.
6.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2019).
Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility
tests.
7.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020).
Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States.