Primary activities

Primary Activities

1. Primary Activities

2. Economic Activities Human activities which generate income are known as economic activities. Economic activities are broadly grouped into a) primary, b) secondary, c) tertiary and quaternary activities. Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to utilisation of earth’s resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals.

3. Hunting and gathering, Pastoral activities, Fishing, Forestry, Agriculture, and Mining and quarrying.

4. HUNTING AND GATHERING They subsisted on: (a) animals which they hunted; and (b) the edible plants which they gathered from forests in the vicinity Many species, now have become extinct or endangered due to illegal hunting (poaching). The early hunters used primitive tools made of stones, twigs or arrows so the number of animals killed was limited.

5. It often involves primitive societies, who extract, both plants and animals to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and clothing . This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at very low level of technology. The yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced .

6. Gathering is Practised in……… High latitude zones which include Northern Canada, Northern Eurasia and Southern Chile; Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, Tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of Southeast Asia

7. PASTORALISM Domestication of animals. People living in different climatic conditions selected and domesticated animals found in those regions. Depending on the geographical factors, and technological development Subsistence or at the commercial level.

8. Nomadic Herding Pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transportation. They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water. Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition.

9. Regions of Pastoral Nomadism The core region extends from the Atlantic shores of North Africa eastwards across the Arabian peninsula into Mongolia and Central China. The second region extends over the tundra region of Eurasia. In the southern hemisphere there are small areas in South-west Africa and on the island of Madagascar

10. Animals used In tropical Africa, cattle are the most important livestock, while in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared. In the mountainous areas of Tibet and Andes, yak and llamas and in the Arctic and sub Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals.

11. Commercial Livestock Rearing Commercial livestock rearing is more organised and capital intensive. Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent ranches. These ranches cover large areas and are divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing. When the grass of one parcel is grazed, animals are moved to another parcel. The number of animals in a pasture is kept according to the carrying capacity of the pasture.

12. Only one type of animal is reared. Important animals include sheep, cattle, goats and horses. Products such as meat, wool and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world markets. Rearing of animals in ranching is organised on a scientific basis. The main emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control and health care of the animals. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of America are important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practised

13. The hunting and gathering tribes of India 1 Chenchus - Mahabub Nagar, Karnool and Guntur areas of Andhra Pradesh 2 Challa Yanadi - 3 Kadar 4 Malaya Pandaram / Hill Pandaram 5 Cholanaickan 6 Hakkipikki 7 Great Andamanese 8 Onge 9 Sentinelese 10 Jarawa

14. The Chenchus The Chenchus also known as the Chenchuvaru are found in pockets distributed in the Mahabub Nagar, Karnool and Guntur areas of Andhra Pradesh. According to the 2001 Census Survey the Chenchus had a population of 49,232

15. Challa Yanadi The Challa Yanadis is an endogamous division of the Yanadis . They are also known as the Kappala Yanadi or Kappala Vandlu which means frog eaters. Another group known as the Adavi Yanadi which means forest dwellers is another nomadic food gathering community of Andhra Pradesh. These tribal communities are found in districts of Nellore, Prakasam and Guntur. They also inhabit the island of Sriharikota situated in the backwaters of the Bay of Bengal.

16. Kadar They are distributed in the jungles mainly in the Trichur and Palghat districts of Kerala . Roots and tubers comprised their staple food which they collected with the help of iron-tipped digging sticks. The Kadars takes the help of dogs to chase small animals and deer and kill them with billhooks and sticks. They use small dykes to dam streams and then stun the fish by placing poisonous bark in the water. The Kadars collect honey in cliffs by using ropes

17. Malaya Pandaram / Hill Pandaram The Malaya Pandaram tribes also known as the Hill Pandarams live in the forest tracts of Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Palghat, and Quilon districts of Kerala. Their total population in Kerala was 2694 and 3156 as also reported in Tamil Nadu in the 2001 Census. Hunting and gathering were the traditional occupations of the Malaya Pandarams . They collected tubers, roots and a variety of edible plants from the forests. They also hunted small animals like hare, iguana and ibex with the help of dogs and killed those using only sticks as weapons.

18. Hakkipikki The Hakkipikki tribe is distributed in the Mysore, Kolar, Shimoga and Hassan districts of Karnataka. The Mhoto and Nahno are two divisions of this tribe. The Hakkipikkis claim to be original inhabitants of the region bordering Gujarat and Rajasthan who later migrated to Andhra Pradesh and then settled down in their present habitation. The Hakkipikki derived their name from their traditional occupation of trapping birds. In Kannada hakki means a bird while pikki means echo-formation. Bird-trapping and collecting forest produce are the traditional occupations of the Hakkipikki tribe. Their mother tongue is Vaghri , an IndoAryan language.

19. Cholanaickan The Cholanaickan , inhabitants of the Malappuram district are another hunter gatherer tribe of Kerala. They live on tubers, roots, fruits, seeds, leaves, honey and fish. Apart from these they also collect a variety of pharmaceutical plants as well as resin, oil seeds, barks, honey, wild cardamom and pepper which they either sell or exchange them for rice, salt, tobacco, clothes, iron implements and other commoditie