primary and secondary metabolites

including all basic information and detailed definition and examples

1. Primary and Secondary Metabolites PRESENTED BY: MAULIK PATEL MSc. Biochemistry Roll no: 17 P-402

2. Presentation Overview Introduction History What are metabolites ? Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites Reference

3. Introduction Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism, are typically characterized by small molecules with various functions . Metabolites can be categorized into Primary metabolites. secondary metabolites .

4. The word metabolism is derived from the Greek word “Metabolismos” or from the French word  métabolisme . Metabolism and metabolic pathways have been studied over several centuries and has moved from examining whole animals in early studies, to examining individual metabolic reactions in modern biochemistry and molecular biology. History

5. What are metabolites ? Metabolites are the intermediates & products of metabolism . The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules . A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction . Examples: 1.Carbohydrates 2. P ro t ei n s 3 .Lipids 4.Nucleic acids A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function. Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc .

6. primary metabolites are involved in maintaining normal physiological processes thus , it is often referred to as a central metabolite . Essential for proper growth, development, and reproduction . Examples include alcohols such as ethanol, lactic acid . Primary Metabolites

7. Aspergillus niger is used in industrial microbiology for mass pr o d u ction of c i tric acid . (pr i m a ry m e t a b o li t e).

8. Secondary metabolites is a term for pathways for small molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function. Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc. They are classified on the basis of chemical structure chemical composition solubility in various solvents pathways by which they are synthsized Secondary Metabolites

9. Why secondary metabolites are of no use to the organism ? Because they are synthesized late in growth cycle in stationary phase (idiophase). Secondary metabolites are structurally diverse low molecular mass molecules that are not essential for the growth and survival of the producing organisms. Secondary metabolite serve to increase the fitness of the producing organisms and to decrease the fitness of surrounding organisms. Metabolites play a role in regulation and process of sporulation Secondary Metabolites

10. Secondary metabolites are derived from Primary m etabolites

11. Categories of secondary metabolites Major categories of secondary metabolites Mycotoxins Antibiotics Alkaloids Amino acids Steroids Vitamins

12. Difference between primary and secondary metabolites Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites They are involved in normal growth, development and reproduction. They are not directly involved in the normal growth, development and reprodµction. Examples for primary metabolites are carbohydrates , fats and proteins. Examples for secondary metabolites are alkaloids, tannis, resins, gums and latex etc. They are not poisonous. Some of these compounds are poisonous.

13. Mycotoxins Mycotoxins refer to the toxic secondary metabolites . They are neither necessary for growth nor the development of the fungi . Some of these very severe effects on animal, plant and microbial system (fungal food poisoning- mycointoxication ). Symptoms of a mycotoxicosis depend on: The type of mycotoxin The concentratio n As well as age Health And sex of the exposed individual

14. Crops getting infected are as follows

15. Antibiotics The term ‘antibiotic’ was coined by selman waksman in 1942. The secondary metabolites isolated from microbes and exhibits either antimicrobial(antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal), antitumor and antiviral activities used to be called as antibiotics. It is used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including fungi and protozoa.

16. Antibiotics Penicillin Cephalosporins Streptomycin Griseofulvin

17. 1.Penicillin Penicillin is a secondary metabolite or idiolite ; not required for growth of fungus . Production of fungal biomass occurs in growth phase called trophophase . Accumulation of penicillin occurs in idiophase . Its production only begins after near exhaustion of carbon source . High levels of glucose repress penicillin production.

18. 2. Cephalosporins Cephalosporin are a group of broad spectrum , semi-synthetic β - lactam antibiotics derived from the mould Cephalosporium acremonium . They are divided into some groups-cephalosporin N and C are chemically related to penicillins and cephalosporin

19. 3. Streptomycin Discovered by selman waksman. Streptomycin is a secondary metabolite produced by streptomyces griseus an actinobacterium. Used in treatment of diseases; infective endocarditis, tuberculosis, tularemia, in veterinary medicine for use against gram negative bacteria in large animals.

20. 4. Griseofulvin Griseofulvin also known as Grisovin is an antifungal drug that is administered orally . It is derived from the mould Penicillium griseofulvum and streptomyces griseus . It is used both in animals and in humans, to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails.

21. Alkaloids Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds which mostly contain nitrogen atoms . Beside carbon and hydrogen molecules of alkaloids may contain- Sulfur Rarely chlorine Bromine Or phosphorus

22. Alkaloids being cosidered here are: E r g o t amine Oxaline Paramine

23. A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration Rhizopus arrhizus :- hydrolytes progesterone forming another steroid with introduction of oxygen. Cunnighamella blakesleeana :- can hydroxylate steroid cortexolome to form hydrocortisone. Rhizopus nigricans :- numerous similar transformations are carried out to produce various steroid derivatives for medicinal uses. Steroids

24. Vitamins are secondary metabolites VITAMINS CULTURE RIBOFLAVIN (B2) Ashbya gossypii L-SORBOSE Gluconobacter oxidans VITAMIN B12 Propion i b acte r ium shermanii, Streptomycin, Aureomycin.

25. AMINO ACID CULTURE Tryptophan Escherichia coli Threonine Strepto m y c es racemosus Phenyl alanine Cory n e b a c teri u m glutamicus Amino acids are secondary metabolites

26. References Principles of microbiology, by ronald atlas A text book of basic and applied microbiology, K R aneja , pranay jain , raman aneja Web sources Wikipedia