primary health care nursing PowerPoint presentation

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1. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

2. DEFINITION PRIMARY HEALTH CARE is an Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that community and the country can afford … - (Alma-Ata, 1978)

3. The Alma –Ata Conference defined primary health care as “ Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford”.

4. CONCEPTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE The concept of primary health care has been accepted by all countries as the key to the attainment of Health for All by 2000 AD. It has also been accepted as an integral part of the country’s health care.

5. ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE E- Ensure safe water supply L- Locally endemic diseases control E- Education/ expanded programme on immunization M- Maternal & child health E- Environment sanitation N- Nutritional services T- Treatment of minor ailments S- School health services

6. Principles of Primary Health Care (PHC) Accessibility (equal distribution): This is the first and most important key to PHC. Healthcare services must be equally shared by all the people of the community irrespective of their race, creed or economic status. This concept helps to shift the accessibility of healthcare from the cities to the rural areas where the most needy and vulnerable groups of the population live.

7. Community participation : This includes meaningful involvement of the community in planning, implementing and maintaining their health services. Through the involvement of the community, maximum utilization of local resources, such as manpower, money and materials, can be utilized to fulfill the goals of PHC.

8. Health promotion : Involves all the important issues of health education, nutrition, sanitation, maternal and child health, and prevention and control of endemic diseases. Through health promotion individuals and families build an understanding of the determinants of health and develop skills to improve and maintain their health and wellbeing.

9. Appropriate technology : Technology that is scientifically sound, adaptable to local needs, and acceptable to those who apply it and for whom it is used. Inter- sectoral collaboration : To be able to improve the health of local people the PHC programme needs not only the health sector, but also the involvement of other sectors, like agriculture, education and housing.

10. Multi sectoral approach Multi sectoral approach –recognition that health cannot be improved by intervention within just the formal health sector, other sector are equally important in promoting the health and self-reliance of communities these sectors include at least agriculture ( eg . concerning prevailing health problem and the methods of preventing and controlling them).

11. Housing: public works ( eg ensuring an adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation) rural development; industry; community organization (including panchayats or local governments, voluntary organization etc.

12. focus on prevention Prevention; primary prevention depends upon a knowledge of causation, dynamics of transmission , identification of risk factors and risk groups, availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures, an organization for applying these measures to appropriate persons or groups, and continuous evaluation of and development of procedure applied.

13. Levels of Prevention; 1. Primordial prevention 2.primary prevention 3. secondary prevention 4.tertiary prevention 1.Primordial Prevention; primordial prevention, a new concept, is receiving special attention in the prevention of chronic disease. This is primary prevention in its purest sense, that is, prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they

14. have not yet appeared. For eg , many adult health problem( e.g.obesity , hypertension) 2.Primary prevention; Primary prevention and be defined as ‘action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. It signifies intervention in the pre-pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem(e.g., low birth weight).

15. The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic disease where the risk factors are established . a. population (mass) strategy b. High-risk strategy population (mass) strategy The population approach is directed towards socioeconomic, behavioural and lifestyle changes.eg the small reduction of average Bp leads to large reduction incidence of CVD

16. b. High –risk strategy The high-risk strategy aims to bring preventive care to individuals at special risk. This requires detection of individual at high risk by the optimum use of clinical methods. In summary, primary prevention is a ‘holistic’ approach. Primary prevention has become increasingly identified with ‘health education’ and the concept of individual and community responsibility for health.

17. 3.Secondary prevention; secondary prevention can be defined as ‘action which halts(activity) the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complication. The specific intervention are early diagnosis(e.g. screening tests, case finding programme )

18. 4.Tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention can be defined as ‘all measures available to reduce or limit impairment and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions. For e.g., treatment even if under taken late in the natural history of disease may present sequelae and limit disability. Like rehabilitation.

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