PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING - GENRRAL PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING, URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

principles of planning

1. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Prepared by Arch. Menandro B. Gawan Arch. Rowena M. Dabu

2. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SCOPE: General Principles of Planning Definitions & Classifications History & Scope of Planning General Planning Process   Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Theories of Urban & Regional Planning Planning Theory & Demographics Comprehensive Planning Land Use Planning Urban Design Urbanization and Urban Social Relationships   Housing & Human Settlements Planning Definition & Classification Housing Policies and Programs Housing finance, production and practices   The Art and Science of Site Planning and Landscape Architecture Site Analysis and Site Development Landscape Design Primary Considerations in Site Planning and Development (physical and aesthetic, ecological, socio-psychological management, and maintenance)

3. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SCOPE: General Principles of Planning Definitions & Classifications Planning is a process of creating or maintaining a plan consideration. Planning is a process for accomplishing purposes. It is a blue print of business growth and a road map of development. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in the resources. Planning in general is a thinking and social process . Intellectual thought processes (thinking aspect) as well as policies and actions (social aspect) are needed to bridge the gap between what is likely and what is desired.   Principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed.

4. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Types / Classifications of planning PHYSICAL PLANNING – shall mean the rational use of land for development purposes. Factors to Study: Land Use Planning Planning Principles Ecological Balance Preservation/Conservation Urban Land Use Planning Physical Infrastructure Development SOCIAL PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with planning, development, and management of social services, facilities required by specific population groups, community, town, city, province, region, or nation. Factors to Study: Demography Education Housing Health Services Social Welfare Services Protective Services Sports and Recreation

5. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING ECONOMIC PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the quality of life and income levels of the population through assessment of advantages from economic activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism, services, etc. Factors to Study: Commerce Industry Tourism Agriculture ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING – refers to activities concerned with the management and development of land, as well as, the preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment. Scope of Practice: Development of a community, town, city, or region. Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, education, etc. Land Use and zoning plans for the management and development, preservation, conservation, control, and rehabilitation of the environment. Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies. P. D. 1308: ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PRACTICE (March 2, 1977)

6. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Environmental Planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development with due consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors and provides a holistic frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes. Some of the main elements of present day environmental planning are: Social & economic development Urban development Regional development Natural resource management & integrated land use Infrastructure systems Governance frameworks

7. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE BEGINNINGS SETTLEMENT DESIGN Agricultural Societies Rectilinear Plotting LAYOUT Grid (or Rectilinear) – product of the farmer Circular (Fencing) – product of the herdsman -- defensive role Radiocentric – when circular settlements enlarge -- fortress cities (i.e. Paris) Map of Piraeus , the port of Athens , showing the grid plan of the city.

8. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning ANCIENT GREECE LANDSCAPE – powerfully assertive HIGH PLACES – fortified hilltop -- sacred precinct TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE Aristotle’s ideal size of city = 10,000 – 20,000 people never attempted to overwhelm nature buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape MODULE – Greek use of house as module for town planning THE STREET – not a principal element but as a leftover space for circulation PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market (agora)

9. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning ANCIENT ROME URBAN DESIGN --political power and organization USE OF SCALE – Greek use of scale is based on human measurements Romans used proportions that would relate parts of building instead of human measure MODULE --use of street pattern as module to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur made for military government THE STREET –street are built first; buildings came later PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market, theater, and arena, forum

10. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning MEDIEVAL ERA DECLINE OF ROME – “Dark Ages”, but not for urban design URBAN SETTINGS – Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns MILITARY STRONGHOLDS – Acropolis and Capitoline Hill CASTLES – built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls; radiocentric growth MONASTERIES – citadels of learning, laid out in rectilinear pattern MEDIEVAL TOWNS like Greek towns, small and finite in size-- lacks geometry -- became parts of larger territorial states -- growth and population created the need for marketplaces

11. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN VISIBLE EXTERIORS suit the viewing conditions of small spaces VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE – fine accents in landscape STREET LAYOUT is functional, although with no logical form MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE -- organization of the military and new force in gunpowder -- development of political powers and expertise -- scholarly knowledge of the church 3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES -- Dawn of science -- Fall of Constantinople -- Discovery of the New World

12. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning FROM MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE ERA MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be discarded -- sense of scale -- intimate relation between house and street MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN truly livable; humanist basis RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN -- the role of the individual as builder of his town was lost

13. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IDEAL CITIES -- 1440 (beginning of Renaissance) -- Leon Battista Alberti – foremost theoretician -- Alberti’s De Architectura – treats architecture and town design as single theme (just like Vitruvius) ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE Public Works Civic improvement projects REBUILDING FERRARA -- Palazzo Diamenti – most famous structure -- Biaggio Rossetti – architect and town planner regarded as one of the world’s earliest modern urban designers

14. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – LEONARDO DA VINCI SKETCHED A CITY STRADDLING A RIVER RIVER STREAMS – supply water and carry away waste MULTILEVELS – for multiple functions PROPOSED MOVABLE HOUSES – anticipated the “greenbelt” concept SATELLITE TOWNS – for workers LESSONS : Growth or functional improvement is not necessarily an advantage POPES IN ROME – the “real say” in urban design at that time

15. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME PROBLEMS : Circulation, defense, water supply, sanitation SOLUTION : Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects PILGRIMAGE – St. Peter’s Cathedral improved Campidoglio (Rome’s city hall) improved FONTANA’S PLAN – streets were visually accented using OBELISKS OBELISKS - as “stakes”, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city - as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers DESIGN PRINCIPLE – architecture of ancient Rome-- new design of early Renaissance

16. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – BUILDING GROUPS DONATO BRAMANTE CARLO FONTANA – basilica inside the Colosseum BORROWED DESIGN – Renaissance from Medieval, Romans from Greeks ANDREA PALLADIO – developed precise theories of proportion and module PALLADIO’S PROTOTYPES - Roman country villa (rural) - Roman Forum (urban) – examples of plazas (the modern forum) “COLOSSAL” or “GIGANTIC” ORDER – Palladio’s San Giorgio Maggiore

17. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO One of MICHELANGELO ’s finest works Seen at a distance as a whole composition EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius -- Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost ENTRANCE RAMPS – widen toward the top -- perspective effect and stairs appear shorter -- similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel Significance of a REMODELLING JOB

18. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU -- French architect who visited Rome -- Brought plaza idea to Paris, France INIGO JONES – English architect, brought the Renaissance plaza to London-- Bedford Square – started in 1631 -- Covent Garden – modeled after Livorno OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON -- Leicester Square – started in 1635

19. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning RENAISSANCE – LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE PARKS and GARDENS – tie the city together -- connecting the palace and the town VILLA & GARDEN – rural counterpart of PALACE & PLAZA ITALY – gardens are never too large -- built as TERRACES because of hilly land FRANCE – elaborate system of landscape design-- roots from large HUNTING FORESTS -- ROND POINTS – high ground intersections

20. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning MODERN CONCEPTS – RENEWED ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES – not necessarily a sign of progress ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT Led by William Morris, return to simpler Christian virtues of the Gothic period The movement advocated truth to materials and traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration. It also proposed economic and social reform and has been seen as essentially anti-industrial. GOTHIC REVIVAL IN 19 TH CENTURY “Gothic period was the last original architectural era”- Frank Lloyd Wright

21. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE CONSERVATIONISTS AND THE PARK MOVEMENT GEORGE PERKINS MARSH – American conservationist-- the founder of modern conservation -- Cities – planned for two generations ahead -- maintain sufficient breathing space -- design embraces the whole city

22. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT EBENEZER HOWARD – An English stenographer The garden city philosophy is a method of urban planning that was initiated during 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom . Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained, communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'

23. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT First Garden City Heritage Museum, Letchworth

24. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH HOWARD’S ANALYTICAL APPROACH – city so large & operations so complex Proper understanding can only be gained by full application of precise analysis PATRICK GEDDES – Scottish city planner. established tool for analytical approach-- “Cities in Evolution” published in 1915 -- coined the term “ connurbation ”-- laid out some 50 cities in India and Palestine CONNURBATION - “the waves of population inflow to large cities, followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and then the wave of backflow”

25. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT GOLDEN AGE OF URBAN DESIGN – From 1890 to the Great Depression (1930s), termed the “City Beautiful Era” WORLD’S FAIRS – as works of civic art -- application of latest technologies; façade architecture; promise of America come to life-- as urban renewal operations-- Jackson Park – Chicago World’s Fair, San Francisco Marina, Treasure Island, SF CITY AS A WHOLE -- Daniel Burnham – father of American city planning Axial plan of The Mall , Washington, D.C.: the Reflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial extend the central axis

26. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING History & Scope of Planning THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT “SUPERBLOCK” CONCEPT – Answer to problem of through traffic -- Island of green, bordered by houses and skirted by peripheral automobile roads -- Best examples -- Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles; Chatham Village, Pittsburgh -- Community-level development “RADBURN” IDEA – Organization of town into cohesive neighborhoods -- One of the most important designs conceived for the modern residential community RADBURN, NJ– Series of superblocks, not completed due to Depression

27. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING General Planning Process PLANNING PROCESS. Whatever the purpose may be, the planning process generally includes a set of activities that remain invariant across different planning philosophies – a sort of general format to follow. Example 1 Problem Structuring  Identification and Evaluation of Alternative Responses  Implementation  Monitoring and Evaluation From Thomas Saaty , 1985

28. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING General Planning Process Example 2 Identification of a Problem  Formulation of Goals  Identification of Objectives and Targets  Determination of Constraints and Opportunities  Projection for Future Situation  Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Courses of Action  Implementation of Preferred Plan  Monitoring and Evaluation From John Glasson

29. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING General Planning Process Example 3 Data  Description  Desires  Designs  Decision  Deed From Britton Harris

30. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region City- A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement . Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation , utilities , land usage, housing , and transportation . The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses , benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs . Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas , creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers of employment . Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis . Region- Regions consist of subregions that contain clusters of like areas that are distinctive by their uniformity of description based on a range of statistical data, for example demographic , and locales. A town accomplishes common goals through informal agreements between neighbors or the leadership of a chief. A city has professional administrators, regulations, and some form of taxation (food and other necessities or means to trade for them) to feed the government workers.

31. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Tokyo , the most populous metropolis in the world Seoul , the second most populous metropolis in the world

32. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Shanghai is the most populous city proper in the world. Sydney is Australia's largest city

33. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Makati The Financial Capital of the Philippines Rome , Italy

34. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular ancient settlement can be considered to be a city. A city formed as central places of trade for the benefit of the members living in close proximity to others facilitates interaction of all kinds. Ancient times Notable for its diversity Some cities had large population Cities became trade centers and some have religious focus Other cities are sparsely populated political capitals The ancient city of Ur of Sumer , in present day Tell el- Mukayyar in Iraq is known to be one of the world's earliest сities

35. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Middle Ages During the European Middle Ages , a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community. This woodcut shows Nuremberg as a prototype of a flourishing and independent city in the 15th century

36. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Early modern By the early 19th century, London had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million Most towns remained far smaller places. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws about administration, finances and urbanism. Gdańsk Poland in the 17th century

37. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Urban & Regional Planning History of the city & the region Industrial age The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. Cities during those periods of time were deadly places to live in, due to health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases There has also been a shift to suburbs, perhaps to avoid crime and traffic, which are two costs of living in an urban area. Glasgow slum in 1871

38. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning Regional planning is a branch of land use planning and deals with the efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a significantly larger area of land than an individual city or town. The related field of urban planning deals with the specific issues of city planning. Both concepts are encapsulated in spatial planning using a eurocentric definition. Spatial planning refers to the methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales. Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include land use planning , urban planning , regional planning , transport planning and environmental planning . Other related areas are also important, including economic planning and community planning. Spatial planning takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often result in the creation of a spatial plan.

39. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning URBAN STRUCTURE Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists , economists , and geographers have developed several models, explaining where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. GRID THEORY The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid . In the context of the culture of Ancient Greece , the grid plan is called Hippodamian plan.

40. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY ( Monocentric ). By E. W. Burgess , a University of Chicago sociologist, in 1925. The city grows in a radial expansion from the center to form a series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago. City grows in a radial expansion from center to form circles A city is seen as a set of cocentric rings (these rings are roughly listed, in order, below). As the city grows, each ring invades and overtakes the next ring out – a process called Invasion/Succession (thus, Cocentic Theory is sometimes referred to as Invasion/Succession Theory ”). • The central business district (CBD) • Zone of Transition • Independent worker housing • Better housing / Residential Zone of High Class Apartment Buildings or Single-Family Dwellings. • Commuter/suburban housing

41. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY ( Monocentric )

42. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning SECTOR THEORY . By Homer Hoyt , an economist, in 1939. Hoyt examined the spatial variations in household rent in 142 American cities.   Rent patterns are not in the form of successive circles but appear as sectors . High rent residential sectors are most important in explaining city growth as it pulls the growth of entire city in the same direction, usually outward along transport routes.   Pulls growth of entire in same direction   High-density residential, commercial, and industrial uses radiate out from the central business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow major transportation routes. More expensive housing also radiates out from the CBD– towards large open spaces and higher ground. Less expensive housing takes whatever land is left over.

43. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning SECTOR THEORY

44. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric). Developed by two geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow around not one but several distinct nuclei. The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities, certain unrelated functions which repel each other, etc. Cities grow around several district nuclei   Certain land uses group together to take advantage of unique facilities (e.g., universities), specializations, codependencies , or externalities. This theory is often applied to cities with more than one CBD.

45. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric).

46. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Theories of Urban & Regional Planning INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY. The preceding three theories apply primarily to cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric zone pattern.

47. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics ( by Lee C. Slusser , AICP) - Urban and Regional Planner, Member of APA Pennysylvania Chapter. AICP – American Institute of Certified Planners APA – American Planning Association Theory - is a technical term from Ancient Greek . It is derived from “ theoria ”, meaning "a looking at, viewing, beholding", and refers to contemplation or speculation, as opposed to action. Demographics - or demographic data are the characteristics of a human population . These types of data are used widely in sociology , public policy , and marketing or opinion research.

48. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 1. SYNOPTIC RATIONALISM In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning process generally contains the following steps. • Goals and objectives are set. • Policy alternatives are identified. • The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and objectives),efficiency, and constraints – using scientific conceptual models and evaluation techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis). • The selected policy alternative is implemented. SYN – together OPTIC – seeing

49. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 2. INCREMENTALISM This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through – is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis.

50. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 3. TRANSACTIVE PLANNING Like incrementalism , transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique. Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts, interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioralist -style planning.

51. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 4. ADVOCACY PLANNING Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism. Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or underrepresented). • Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no one public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to become non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups.

52. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 4. ADVOCACY PLANNING • Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around socalled “organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where people feel powerless. These organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action. • Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning. He felt that to be effective, planners must become actively involved in the political process.

53. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 5. RADICAL PLANNING In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems. The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much of the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist interpretations and theories.

54. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 6. UTOPIANISM Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that capture the public imagination. Also imagined as a perfect place or state of things. Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago , Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City , and Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works. The word comes from the Greek : οὐ ("not") and topos ("place"). The English homophone eutopia , derived from the Greek εὖ ("good" or "well") and topos ("place"), signifies a double meaning : "good place" and "no place".

55. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 6. UTOPIANISM Often cited as utopian works:  Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago ,

56. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 6. UTOPIANISM Often cited as utopian works: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City ,

57. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 6. UTOPIANISM Often cited as utopian works: Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine

58. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning Theory & Demographics 7. METHODISM Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism views planning techniques as ends into themselves. Systematic, and follows particular method (planning known techniques - e.g. Projection of Population)

59. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Comprehensive Planning Comprehensive planning is a term used in the United States by land use planners to describe a process that determines community goals and aspirations in terms of community development. The outcome of comprehensive planning is the Comprehensive Plan which dictates public policy in terms of transportation, utilities, land use, recreation, and housing. Comprehensive plans typically encompass large geographical areas, a broad range of topics, and cover a long-term time horizon. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING – evolved from a physical planning model from the 1920s to 1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddes’s S-A-P and Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City.

60. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning PLANNING – the key to orderly and rational land development in any local government unit, i.e. a city or municipality. Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land use conflicts . It is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Land use planning often leads to land use regulations, also known as zoning , but they are not one in the same. Zoning regulations control the kinds of activities that can be accommodated on a given piece of land, the amount of space devoted to those activities and the ways that buildings may be placed and shaped. [2] . Planning provides the vision, but zoning, based in pragmatic and political realities, is what actually controls development.

61. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning ZONING DEFINED. Zoning is a legal regulatory tool to implement the land use plan. Zoning is the designation and allocation of territorial areas of city or municipality into functional land use zones and districts. Uses in accord with goals and objectives of local development plan. The overall area plan for the reconstruction of Kabul 's Old City area, the proposed Kabul - City of Light Development .

62. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning Land Use refers to the manner of utilization of land, including its allocation, development and management. Land Use Conversion refers to the act or process of changing the current use of a piece of agricultural land into some other use. MAPS/MAPPING – a graphical representation of a place or particular phenomena or themes in an area. It is a convenient visual form of spatial data, their distribution and relationships. MAPS/MAPPING – a reduced and simplified model of reality containing geographic information. It is a graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm where the real-world features have been replaced with symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.

63. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning ELEMENTS OF A MAP   Map Title – defines the information and purpose of a map. Legend – key to the codes and symbols used in a map. Date and Author – name of map maker and date of survey or period covered by it. North Arrow – usually, maps are oriented towards the geographic (true) north. Geographic Coordinates – geographic grid known as latitudes and longitudes. Latitude (parallels) – distance measured north and south of the equator. Longitude (meridians) – distance measured east and west with the imaginary prime meridian (Greenwich Laboratory in London) as reference line. Scale – ratio distance on the map itself and the corresponding distance on the ground. Graphic Scale – line or bar marked off in graduated distances representing actual distances on the ground. Numerical/Functional - compares map distance with ground distance by proportional numbers and expressed as a representative fraction or ratio.

64. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning TYPES OF MAPS 1. GENERAL PURPOSE – shows suite of physical and cultural features at the same time. Reference Map – shows simple properties of map data. Example: world map, road map, sketch map. Base Map – working map for the preparation of various maps. 2. THEMATIC – depicts one single feature of the earth’s surface representing one or two themes. Topographic Map – shows a limited set of features including terrain, streams, boundaries, and roads. Climate Map – gives the prevailing type of rainfall in the area. Hydrogeologic Map – shows existing geologic features, rock types and ground and surface water. Slope Map – groups area exhibiting a particular range or degree of inclination. Soil Map – shows the spatial distribution of different soil classification units in a locality. Land Classification Map – categories of land by the Forest Management Bureau.

65. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning TYPES OF MAPS Population Density Map – shows concentration of population by class intervals in relation to land area. Cadastral Map – public record of land ownership. Land Values Map – indicates relative prices and values of land in an area. Land Use Map – shows spatial distribution of different land uses. General Land Use –distribution of land uses covering the entire town. General Land Use Plan –reflects the planned distribution of land uses. Urban Land Use Map – distribution of land uses in the urban center. Urban Land Use Plan –indicates planned distribution of urban land uses. Zoning Map – shows the zones or districts according to present and potential uses of land.

66. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning ZONING MAP OF METRO MANILA

67. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning TYPES OF MAPS 3. ANALYTICAL – illustrates the derived results from the analysis of two or more variables according to desired outputs. Erosion Hazard Map – analysis of soil and slope of an area. Flooding Hazard – shows areas where flooding usually occur. Land Capability Map – indicates suitability of areas for cultivation. Soil Suitability Map – provides information on the degree of soil suitability for urban development. Development Constraints Map – illustrates the obstacles to development in the physical sense like subsidence, flooding risks, or fault lines. Land Management Unit – a land resources inventory map describing the shape of land in terms of relief, not slope; an input map to land suitability map. Land Suitability Map – classifies land into categories based on the degree to which the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental requirements of specific crops without deterioration.

68. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning NATIONAL LAND USE AND ALLOCATION SCHEME Land Classification which involves the assessment of unclassified lands under the public domain which include surveying, classifying, studying and mapping areas into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral and national parks; National government/DENR; congress delineates limits of forest lands and national parks. Land Reclassification is the subsequent classification, allocation and disposition of lands of the public domain, classified as alienable and disposable into specific uses; National government/DENR in coordination with LGUs. Land Subclassification is the act of determining and assigning the uses of classified public lands; National government/DENR Zoning is the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their regulation, subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority; LGUs Land Use Conversion is the act of putting a piece or parcel of land into a type of use other than that for which it is currently being utilized. National government/DAR

69. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning COMMERCIAL AREAS TYPES OF COMMERCIAL AREAS Central Business District (CBD) 1. Major CBD – shopping, service area with largest dept. and variety stores, specialty shops, business and professional services, hotels, theaters, etc. 2. Minor CBD – market as main feature (types: wholesale market, wet and dry market); quasi-residential-commercial or mixed use development. Commercial Strip – extension of CBD Neighborhood Center – local sources of staple and convenience goods and services; built around supermarket with convenience stores; population served: 7,500-20,000.

70. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Land Use Planning CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan) – prescribes the development pace, direction and strategies for the optimum use of land resources in a community as well as its role in provincial and national development.   HLURB (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD) – the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of government for land use development. Town Planning and Zoning Assistance Program Provide technical assistance in CLUP preparation. Identification and zoning of site for socialized housing Ratification of land use plans and zoning ordinances Real Estate Management Program Formulation of design standards and guidelines of subdivisions and condominiums Issuance of Permits and Licenses Land Use Enforcement Plan Monitoring of all projects issued permits by LGUs and HLURB DZA supervision Adjudication of complaints

71. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBAN DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of towns and cities, and in particular the shaping and uses of urban public space . It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of urban planning , landscape architecture , or architecture and in more recent times has been linked to emergent disciplines such as landscape urbanism . Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to the largest cities. Urban, city, and town planning is the integration of the disciplines of land use planning and transport planning , to explore a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and communities. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level.

72. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBAN DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING CITY vs. URBAN City – as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20 M, at least 10,000 has. In land area or minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal status granted by the government. Highly Urbanized City – at least 200,000 people; income of P50M or more. Component City – population & income below that of highly urbanized city. Independent Component City – a chartered city with a population and income below those required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province. Urban Area – as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities and municipalities with a density of at least 1000/sq km; central districts ( poblaciones ) of municipalities and cities with a density of at least 500/sq km; central districts, regardless of population size, exhibiting a street pattern or street network, at least 6 establishments, a town hall, church or chapel, public plaza, park, cemetery, market; and barangays having at least 1000 people and meeting the previous conditions.

73. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBAN DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING THE IMAGE OF THE CITY. A collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of what people extract from the physical reality of a city. Cities are known to be places where money, services and wealth are centralized. Cities are where fortunes are made and where social mobility is possible.

74. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBAN DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (elements of a city) Pathways – major and minor routes of circulation to move about, the city has a network of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor routes. An urban highway network is a network of pathways for a whole city. Districts – A city is composed of component neighborhoods or districts; its center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, trainyards , factory areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc. Edges – the termination of a district is its edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at all but gradually taper off and blend into another district. When two districts are joined at an edge they form a seam. Landmarks – the prominent visual features of the city; some are very large and are seen at great distances; some are very small and can only be seen up close (street clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park). Landmarks help in orienting people in the city and help identify an area. Nodes – a center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity. Times Square in New York City is both a landmark and a node.

75. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Urbanization , urbanisation or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations as movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. Urbanization is closely linked to modernization , industrialization , and the sociological process of rationalization . Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, ie . the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.

76. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Example of rapid and expansive urban development in Manila , as opposed to the slums hidden in shockingly close proximity.

77. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Urbanization is not always attributed to high density. In Manila , the cost of living has forced residents to live in low quality slums and shanty towns

78. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Urban sprawl , also known as suburban sprawl , is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density and auto-dependent development on rural land, high segregation of uses (e.g. stores and residential), and various design features that encourage car dependency. [1] Urban sprawl results in: High car dependence Inadequate facilities, e.g.: cultural, emergency, health, and so forth Low public support for sprawl High per-person infrastructure costs Inefficient street layouts Inflated costs for public transportation Lost time and productivity for commuting High levels of racial and socioeconomic segregation Low diversity of housing and business types High rates of obesity Less space for conservation and parks High per-capita use of energy, land, and water

79. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city , or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. A vacant apartment building in New York City . Much of the city of Camden, New Jersey suffers from urban decay.

80. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS A hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village. A village is a clustered human settlement or community , larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand (sometimes tens of thousands), Though often located in rural areas , the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods , An alpine village in the L ö tschental Valley, Switzerland A village in central India .

81. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS A community, a town A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city . The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world Sighnaghi in Georgia , It is one of the country's smallest towns. Ç eşme , Turkey a coastal Turkish town with houses in regional style and an Ottoman Castle.

82. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS A city, an urban area. An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities , towns or conurbations , but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets . Greater Tokyo Area , the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.

83. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS A metropolis. Although there is no clear definition or classification of what a metropolis constitutes, it is a term that is generally used to represent a large city or urban area . Urban areas of less than one million people are rarely considered metropolises in contemporary contexts. New York City , the largest metropolis in the United States

84. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS A conurbation – a composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas. A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities , large towns , and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban agglomeration , in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour market or travel to work area . Los Angeles Long Beach Riverside

85. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS A megalopolis – merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million or more, a 20 th century phenomenon. Megalopolis (city type) , an extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas. Seoul , South Korea . This is the Gangnam-gu district of Seoul. Tokyo is the World's largest megacity

86. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS). Nature – the natural physical environment. Man – an individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs (oxygen, nutrition), sensation and perception (five senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security, sense of belonging), moral values. Society – a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions. Shells – buildings, the built component – housing, hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial establishments, recreational facilities, industrial buildings, etc. Networks – links within the settlement and with other settlements, transportation systems, communication systems, water supply systems, power and electrical systems, etc.

87. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS HOUSING. The National Shelter Program is implemented by the HUDCC and other key shelter agencies. The NSP shall guide LGUs on existing housing policies. RA 7279 mandates gov’t agencies to assist LGUs in the planning & implementation of housing prog . RA 7279 requires LGUs to conduct an inventory of lands identifying sites for socialized housing. TYPES OF BUILDINGS (from NSO) Single House – an independent structure intended for one household, separated by open space or walls Duplex – a structure intended for 2 households, with complete housing facilities for each Multi-Unit Residential – 3 or more units, intended for residential use only, usually consisting of 3 or more housing units.

88. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS PLANNING SYSTEM

89. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS Regional Planning NEDA – National Economic Development Authority NLUC – National Land Use Committee RDC – Regional Development Council PDC – Provincial Development Council PLUC – Provincial Land Use Committee Sanggunian Panlalawigan Urban Planning HUDCC – Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council HLURB – Housing & Land Use Regulatory Board RLUC – Regional Land Use Committee M/CDC – Municipal/City Development Council BDC – Barangay Development Council Sanggunian Panglunsod / Bayan Barangay Council

90. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was created by then President Corazon C. Aquino by virtue of Executive Order No. 90 dated 17 December 1986.  The Council is composed of the following: The Heads of four (4) Key Shelter Agencies (KSAs), namely: the National Housing Authority (NHA) , the Home and Insurance Guaranty Corporation (HIGC), the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC), and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) ; The Heads of three (3) funding agencies , namely: the  Social Security System (SSS), the Government Service Insurance System ( GSIS ) and the Home Development Mutual Fund ( HDMF ); The Heads of seven (7) government support agencies , which include the  Presidential Management Staff (PMS), the Department of Finance (DOF), the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP ), the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA); and Two (2) private sector representatives from Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and private developers.

91. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TYPES OF SUBDIVISION Subdivision Project – a tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496 which is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with or without improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in cash or in installment terms. Condominium Project – the entire parcel of real property divided or to be divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units including all structures thereon. Economic and Socialized Housing – housing project for moderately low income families with lower interest rates and longer amortization periods. Open Market Housing – constructed and financed by the private sector as a business venture and sold at prevailing market prices and interest.

92. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TYPES OF DENSITIES Low Density – less than 150 persons per hectare of residential area Medium Density – 151 to 250 per ha. High Density – more than 250 per ha. TENURE STATUS OF HOUSE OR LOT Owned/Being Amortized – the household is the owner & has the legal possession of the housing unit Rented – occupant pays rent either in cash or in kind Occupied for free with consent of owner Occupied for free without consent of owner

93. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Site Analysis and Site Development Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning , a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture , landscape architecture , engineering , real estate development , economics , and urban planning . Site planning in landscape architecture and architecture refers to the organizational stage of the landscape design process. It involves the organization of land use zoning , access, circulation, privacy, security, shelter, land drainage, and other factors. This is done by arranging the compositional elements of landform, planting, water, buildings and paving and building in site plans . Site planning generally begins by assessing a potential site for development through site analysis . Information about slope, soils, hydrology, vegetation, parcel ownership, orientation, etc. are assessed and mapped.

94. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Site Analysis and Site Development Elements: Location  : The site should be related to major streets or landmarks previously existing Neighborhood context  : Zoning of the neighborhood is important and information of this type can typically be found at the municipal planning department of the site. Size and zoning  : Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or contacting the county tax assessor’s office. Zoning classifications, set-backs, height restrictions, allowable site coverage, uses, and parking requirements are obtained by obtaining zoning classifications from a zoning map, which can be located from the city planning department. Legal  : Typical legal information can be obtained from the deed to the property

95. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Site Analysis and Site Development Elements: Natural physical features  : Most of this information will be derived from the topographic features on the site. A contour map of this magnitude can be located from the survey engineer . Man made features  : Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted. Circulation  : The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. Utilities  : Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the utility departments and companies in the local area. Sensory  : Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first hand experience. Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also be completed.

96. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Site Analysis and Site Development Elements: Human and cultural  : This information can be obtained through census statistics on the neighborhood. Information regarding these statistics is available from the local municipal planning agency. This information includes activities among people on the site and their relationships to these activities. Climate  : This information can be obtained through the local weather service. Conditions such as rainfall , snowfall , humidity , and temperature over months must be considered and analyzed. The sun-path and vertical sun angles throughout an entire year are important to note.

97. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Landscape Design Landscape design focuses on both the integrated master landscape planning of a property and the specific garden design of landscape elements and plants within it. The practical, aesthetic , horticultural , and environmental sustainability components merit Landscape design inclusion. Landscape designers often collaborate with related disciplines such as architecture and geography , soils and civil engineering , surveying , landscape contracting , botany , and artisan specialties. landscape design - artistic composition and artisanship, horticultural finesse and expertise, and a detailed site involvement emphasis from concepts through construction landscape architecture - focus of urban planning, city and regional parks, civic and corporate landscapes, large scale interdisciplinary projects

98. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor and public spaces to achieve environmental, socio-behavioral, and/or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes: urban design ; site planning ; town or urban planning ; environmental restoration ; parks and recreation planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. Central Park in New York City is an example of landscape architecture.

99. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS A. Physical and aesthetic - Site Location, Views, Existing Structures / Infrastructure, Topography and Slopes, Geology and Soils B. Ecological – Environment, Natural Vegetation, Hydrology and Drainage, Microclimate C. Socio-Psychological – Laws, Legal Constraints, Regulations, Society, Zoning D. Management – Administration E. Maintenance – Safety and Preservation of the building

100. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS A. Site Planning / Design Process Planning and design occur as a process, by which we mean that they follow a logical sequence of actions or events that must be carried out to arrive at a viable solution.      There are several notable models from which we can draw to understand the basic components of the site planning and design process.  Kevin Lynch outlines an eight-stage site planning cycle (see Fig. 1) that includes: 1. Defining the problem 2. Programming and the analysis of site and user 3. Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate 4. Developed design and detailed costing 5. Contract documents 6. Bidding and contracting 7. Construction 8. Occupation and management (Lynch 11)

101. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

102. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that applies to architecture, landscape architecture, and engineering.  This process is organized as follows:   1. Commission 2. Research 3. Analysis 4. Synthesis 5. Construction 6. Operation  ( Simonds 128-129)

103. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

104. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Most process models can be divided into three general activities:   a. Research (Program Development, Site Inventory) b. Analysis (Site Analysis) c. Synthesis (Conceptual Design, Preliminary Design, and Site Plan/Master Plan)

105. GOD BLESS & GOODLUCK!!!