Producing current from solar panell.pptx

Photo cell for solar energy

1. Performance improvement of grid- connected PV systems

2. Performance improvement of grid- connected PV systems Ahmed Ibrahim Ali Ahmed Samy Mohamed Ahmed Adel Maamoun Ahmed Abdallah Ezzat Hazim Emad Mohamed Andrew Ashraf Aziz Shahinaz Abdelsatar Presented by: Prof. Dr. Gamal M. Hashem Supervised by: Prof. Dr. Hany M. Hasanien

3. Performance improvement of grid- connected PV systems introduction Grid-connected Pv system simulation

4. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics introduction

5. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics Why 2 You should choose solar energy ? What 1 Is solar energy ? How 3 It works ?

6. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics What is solar energy? Solar energy is the radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity.

7. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics Why you should choose solar energy ? Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source that doesn't emit harmful pollutants that end up in the atmosphere and water supply. While fossil fuels emit high levels of greenhouse gases, solar energy helps lower the carbon footprint by creating clean energy in their place

8. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics How does solar work ? Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage.

9. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics Solar cells types crystalline silicon solar cells are first-generation photovoltaic cells Monocrystalline polycrystalline Thin-film

10. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics Solar cells types Type Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Thin-film efficiency Have the highest efficiency (22.5%) Efficiency is around (14-16%) Lowest space efficiency cost Expensive Costs less costs less than mono or poly panels

11. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics Solar panel construction

12. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes characteristics 2. Aluminum frame The extruded aluminium sections are designed to be extremely lightweight, stiff and able to withstand extreme stress and loading from high wind and external forces.

13. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics 3. Tempered glass The front glass sheet protects the PV cells from the weather and it’s designed resist mechanical loads and extreme temperature changes . To reduce losses and improve light transmission, high transmissive glass is used by most manufacturers

14. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics 4. EVA film EVA stands for ‘ethylene vinyl acetate’ which is a specially designed polymer highly transparent (plastic) layer used to encapsulate the cells and hold them in position during manufacture It plays an important part in the long term performance by preventing moisture and dirt ingress

15. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics 5. backsheet The rear most layer of common solar panels which as acts as a moisture barrier and final external skin to provide both mechanical protection and electrical insulation backsheet

16. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics 6. Junction box A small weather proof enclosure located on the rear side of the panel. It is needed to securely attach the cables required to interconnect the panels. The junction box also houses the bypass diodes which are needed to prevent back current which occurs when some cells are shaded or dirty.

17. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics panel

18. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics

19. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics

20. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics Role of Solar energy in Egypt the production of renewable energy in Egypt during 2021 reached almost  24,000 GW/h , consisting of hydropower 14,000 GW , wind energy 5,400 GW, and solar energy 4,500 GW, in addition to 12 GW  of biofuels .

21. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics Role of Solar energy in Egypt Egypt now has the biggest solar photovoltaic park in the world ( Benban ) Total capacity 1.8 GW (estimate from 1.6 GW to 2 GW) 41 solar photovoltaic plants on an area of 37.2km 2 and 58km from Aswan

22. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics Role of Solar energy in Egypt Will produce nearby to 90% of the energy produced by the high dam This project will be connected to the Egyptian high voltage network through 4 new substations which will be constructed on the site The government wants to have 20% of its energy from this plant by 2022 and 37% by 2035

23. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics Modes of operation

24. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics Modes of operation On-grid Most common and widely used by homes and businesses Connected to the electricity grid Do not need batteries as they use either solar inverters or micro-inverters Get you paid feed-in-tariff ( FiT ) or credits for the energy you export to the grid

25. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics Modes of operation Off-grid Much more expensive than on-grid systems and so are usually only needed in more remote areas that  are far from the electricity grid Not connected to the electricity grid Requires battery storage  Must be designed appropriately so that they generate enough power  throughout the whole year and have  enough battery capacity 

26. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics I-V and P-V characteristics :

27. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics I-V and P-V characteristics : As temperature increase Open circuit voltage decrease Maximum power decrease Effect of temperature

28. introduction Pv construction Pv system Statistical analysis Operation modes charcteristics I-V and P-V characteristics : Effect of radiation As radiation increase short circuit current increase Maximum power increase

29. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT Grid-Connected Pv system

30. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT Pv arrays As discussed before, Pv array is one of the main components of grid connected-connected Pv system, as it consists of Pv cells which is responsible for conversion from solar energy into direct current electricity

31. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT DC/DC conversion allows keeping the voltage on the PV and voltage on the load separately controlled. There are two main types of DC/DC converters depending on the direction of voltage change: (1) boost converters transform smaller voltage to higher voltage (2) buck converters transform higher voltage to lower voltage DC-DC converter

32. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT The mos t common used in pv systems is DC-DC Boost Converter DC-DC converter A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load)

33. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT DC-DC Boost converter Modes of operation

34. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT DC-DC Boost converter Modes of operation This mode begins when transistor M1 is switched-on at t=0 . The input current, which rises, flows through filter inductor L and transistor M1 . On state Off state This mode Begins when transistor M1 is switched-off at t=t1 . The current that was flowing through the transistor would now flow through L , C , load and diode Dm The inductor current falls until transistor M1 is turned on again in the next cycle. The energy stored in inductor L is transferred to the load

35. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT DC-DC Boost converter Modes of operation waveforms for voltages and currents for continuous load current Assuming that the inductor current rises linearly form I 1 to I 2 in time t 1 , And the inductor current falls linearly from I 2 to I 1 in time t 2 By equating the value of Δ I from previous eqns We get

36. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT DC-DC Boost converter How to generate PWM and control o/p voltage of boost converter . A PID microcontroller can be used but it requires an external interface to produce the PWM . Op-Amp based microcontroller is used which becomes very bulky to handle to overcome all these disadvantages we are using Arduino

37. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT DC-DC Boost converter Main problems of DC-DC converter

38. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT An inverter is one of the most important pieces of equipment in a solar energy system. It's a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity, which is what a solar panel generates, to alternating current (AC) electricity, which the electrical grid uses DC-AC Inverter

39. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT Variable DC Constant DC Stepped up AC

40. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT MPPT Maximum power point tracking (MPPT): is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. By forcing Pv to operate at MPP MPPT strategies 1. Perturb & observe 2. Incremental conductance 3. Fractional current short-circuit 4. Fractional voltage open-circuit Controllers can follow several strategies to optimize power output

41. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT MPPT Maximum power point tracking (MPPT): is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. By forcing Pv to operate at MPP MPPT strategies 1. Perturb & observe 2. Incremental conductance 3. Fractional current short-circuit 4. Fractional voltage open-circuit Controllers can follow several strategies to optimize power output

42. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT MPPT Maximum power point tracking (MPPT): is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. By forcing Pv to operate at MPP Controllers can follow several strategies to optimize power output

43. start Measure v(k),I(k) p =P(k)-P(k-1) V =V(k)-V(k-1) p>0 yes no V < 0 V < 0 V > 0 V > 0 Increase voltage LHS decrease voltage RHS Decrease voltage RHS Increase voltage LHS Perturb & observe LHS RHS

44. Incremental conductance yes no no We are standing at mpp yes yes no LHS RHS (We cant find IC) yes

45. Pv Arrays DC-DC Converter DC-AC Inverter Step-Up Trans MPPT MPPT Perturb & observe cause power output to oscillate Perturb and observe is the most commonly used method due to its ease of implementation can track changing conditions more rapidly than P&O Power output does not oscillate Incremental conductance

46. simulation

47. Case 1 (input voltage = 3v) Output voltage graph Case 1 (input voltage = 3v)

48. Case 2 (input voltage = 8v) Case 2 (input voltage = 8v) Output voltage graph

49. Circuit Diagram

50. T o produce a constant output voltage by voltage feedback control system . In this control system, output voltage will be measured and compared with a reference voltage and the differential value is used to produce a PWM signal. Any changes in the output voltage will lead to the changes of duty cycle in PWM signal. To produce a set of PWM signal, a microcontroller is used Conclusion

51. Any Questions?

52. Thank you