Production of Bio Methane Production through conventional method

Production of Biomethane

1. Presented by : M- Hussnain Hanif (2021-CH-263) Bioreactor for Bio-Methane Production (A Sustainable Approach to Renewable Energy)

2. What is Bio-Methane? A highly purified form of biogas, containing 90–98% methane, produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Why is it Important? Renewable and sustainable fuel Reduces greenhouse gas emissions significantly Versatile applications in electricity, transport, and heating Supports circular economy by utilizing waste Feedstock Examples : Agricultural waste (crop residues, manure) Municipal solid waste Sewage sludge Industrial food waste

3. Definition : A controlled vessel or system where biological reactions occur—specifically anaerobic digestion for methane production. Key Bioreactor Types : 1-CSTR : Uniform mixing; good for slurry-type feedstocks 2-UASB : Compact design, suitable for wastewater 3-PFR : Simple tubular design; used in large-scale plants 4-Anaerobic Conditions Required : Oxygen-free environment Proper microbial community (mainly methanogens) What is a Bioreactor?

4. Four Biological Stages : Hydrolysis – Breakdown of complex polymers (proteins, fats, carbs) into monomers Acidogenesis – Monomers converted into volatile fatty acids (VFAs), alcohols, CO₂, H₂ Acetogenesis – VFAs converted to acetic acid, H₂, and CO₂ Methanogenesis – Archaea convert acetic acid and H₂ into methane (CH₄) Process Conditions : Temperature : Mesophilic (35–40°C) or Thermophilic (50–60°C) pH Range : 6.8 to 7.2 for optimal methanogenic activity Retention Time : 15–30 days depending on feedstock Anaerobic Digestion Process

5. Design Considerations Key Operational Parameters : Mixing : Prevents dead zones and stratification Temperature Control : Essential for microbial activity pH Monitoring : Maintains microbial balance Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Solid Retention Time (SRT) C/N Ratio : Ideal range: 20:1 to 30:1 for balanced nutrient availability and stable digestion Material of Construction : Corrosion-resistant materials (e.g., stainless steel, concrete with lining)

6. Bio-Methane Yield and Efficiency Typical Yields : Cow manure: ~20–30 m³ CH₄/ton Food waste: ~100–150 m³ CH₄/ton Sewage sludge: ~10–20 m³ CH₄/ton Factors Affecting Yield : Feedstock composition Pre-treatment methods Reactor design and microbial health Efficiency Enhancements : Thermal or chemical pre-treatment Co-digestion with energy-rich substrates Microbial additives or consortia to improve conversion

7. Applications and Environmental Impact Applications of Bio-Methane : Bio-CNG for vehicles (compressed bio-methane) On-site electricity and heat generation Grid injection in some developed countries Environmental Advantages : Cuts CH₄ emissions from unmanaged waste Replaces fossil fuels → reduces CO₂ footprint Generates digestate : a nutrient-rich fertilizer Supports Goals : Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 12, 13

8. Factors Affecting Yield and Production of Biogas The quantity and nature of organic matter The temperature Acidity and alkalinity (pH) of substrate The flow and dilution of material

9. Advantage of Biogas Large amount of methane gas Free flocking thick sludge Odourless sludge Sludge can be used as fertilizer and soil conditioner Sanitary way for human and animal waste disposal Conservation of scarce resources like wood

10. Disadvantages of Biogas- Explosion chances High capital lost Incorrect handling of liquid sludge causes pollution Requires control and maintenance Needs proper condition Use as a fuel requires removal of CO2 and H2S

11. Conclusion & Future Scope Conclusion : Bioreactors provide an eco-friendly, scalable way to produce renewable energy from organic waste Anaerobic digestion is a well-established but still evolving process Future Scope : Integration with AI and IoT for smart monitoring Use in decentralized rural energy systems Policy and subsidy support can enhance adoption Research into hybrid bioreactors and genetically engineered microbes

12. THANK YOU