production, processing and others Litchi (1).ppt

Education slite

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
LITCHI

submitted by
N.R.V.D.S.NARAY AN

2. LITCHI

» Botanical Name : Litchi chinensis
» Origin : South China

» Order : Sapindales

> Family : Sapindaceae

» Subfamily : Sapindoideae
» Inflorescence : Panicle

> Chromosome no. : 2n =30

> Edible part : Aril

» Type of pollination : cross pollination

> Mechanism of pollinate : Insect

3. Plant production
HEIGHT - less than 19 m (62 ft)

brownish-red

py ROOT- shallow rooted
== Leaves-compound with leaflets in 2-4 pairs
Flowers -small, yellowish-white
Inflorescence- compound raceme
Fruit type- nut, contain:- aril- 70-86%
peel-8-15%

seed-4-18%

Edible portion- fleshly aril

4. Nutritional value
Energy : 276 kJ (66 kcal)
Carbohydrates :16.5 g
Dietary fiber : 1.3 g
Vitamin C : 64 mg (87%)
Fat:03g
Protein : 0.7 g
Calcium : 10 mg (1%)
Magnesium : 10 mg (3%)

Phosphorus : 35 mg (4%)

5. AREA & PRODUCTION

1) "China is the biggest producer of litchi in the world.
2) India rank second in the world(Area & Production).
3) In India litchi is grown on large scale in Bihar.
4) State rank — Bihar (area & production)

5) “West Bengal (productivity)

6. INDIA

Litchi Growing States

7. State-wise Area, Production & Productivity of

state Area
(Ha)

Bihar

West Bengal

Assam

Punjab

Orissa

Tripura

Jharkhand

Uttaranchal

Nagaland

Others

TOTAL

Litchi
production
(MT)
24/71 221.7
529) 61.4
4.1 18.7
12: 11.6
35 10.2
17 9.0
15 es,
7.8 13
0.8 4.0
4.0 4.5

58.2 356.2

Productivity
(MT/Ha.)

8. ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT

Litchi is sub-tropical fruit
ES Bearing tree is much affected by HOT
= WIND causing fruit cracking

SOIL TEMPERATURE
+ Alluvial soil with good drainage is The temperature should not go be
suitable for litchi orchard. 40.5° Cin summer and below freezii

+ It can grow in wide range of soils winter
from light sandy to heavy clay hot winds are not favorable

«+ Acids soils leads to produces
good quality of fruits

9. 1) Haak Yip: The fruit is heart shape and weight is 20-22g ,soft and pu
.sweet in taste, cultivated in Thailand , Taiwan and china f
2) Waichee :fruits are small (16-18g) round with deep skin
and flesh with abundant sweet juice. cultivated in china and
India E

Frown in India

10. Bombai :fruit is heart shaped, 15-20g in weight .Tubercles are carm
uranium green interspace .cultivar in Bengal

China: the fruit is globose with a blend nasturtium of red and marigold oral
weight is 25-27g having sweet flesh and good juice pleasant aroma . Cultiva
India

Ez
e
y

11. PROPAGATION

Through Seed
Through vegetative

SEED

Litchi seed loses its viability with in 4-5days of its extraction from the fruit.
The trees raised from seeds are very slow to come into bearing and may \
take 10-12 years to come to bearing

VEGETATIVE

In vegetative propagation technique, litchi can be propagated through
cutting, budding, layering ,grafting and inarching .The bearing starts after 6 |
AIR LAYERING(in the month June-July) is the Commercial method of
propagation

12. to remove the
cambium layer. ~

speghrum moss and
‘Scrape exposed wood X Wrepinplasse.

The airlayer is
eut from the
tree.

13. Planting

Planting Time + August - September
+ Planting may be done in spring and early summer if
irrigation facility is available

Planting Distance « 10x8m.
« Average no. of plants- 200 per ha.

Size of pits + 1x1x1 m (pits are dug a few weeks prior to planting)

Filling of pits « Pits are left undisturbed initially for a period of 15-20 days.
« Filled with top soil mixed with manures and fertilizers @
20-25 kg FYM, 2 kg
bone meal and 300g muriatic of potash per pit.
Planting + Square system of planting is usually followed.
+ Asmall hole is made at the center of the pit and the desired
material is planted.
Water is applied immediately after planting

14. Irrigation
> Basin or ring system of irrigation is recom!

Two irrigations at an interval of days during w
months is required for bearing litchi trees

> The trees should be irrigation at Feb-jun is necessary

> The trees are irrigated from flowering onwards until the
completion of the post-harvest flush. \

> However, the growers normally irrigate the tree at

> in | from panicle emergence to fruit harvest or u
postharvest flush appears

15. NURTIENT
MANAGEMENT

4-6 age 0.75-1.25 0.20-0.30

7-10 age 40-50 2.0-3.0 1.50-2.0 0.35-0.45

Above 10 age 60 35 2.25 0.60

16. Intercultural Operations

» Mulching- The farmyard > Training € Pruning- After \

manure, compost or straw may planting, a certain amount of
be used for soil mulching. pruning is often necessary to

» Cutting down of tall growing give proper shape to the litch
weeds in the orchard and plant \
spreading them over the soil is » Once the desired shape is |
another method of mulching the achieved, no pruning is usual
soil necessary, except the re!

of dead or diseased br

17. Weed control

beneficial of litchi

» Reduce costs by growing mulch material between the rows

for later slashing.

18. Maturity index

Colour change to deep red
flattened of tubercles

smoothening of Epicarp

STAGES OF MATURITY

19. Harvesting
During harvest the temperature(24-28 °c)

Depending on the tree age there are four
growth phases in litchi plants

Harvesting is usually done in May and June. 4 AM
The fruits are harvested in bunches along with a portion of the brand

and a few leaves.

55 to 60 days from flowering to harvest

20. v

v

v

v

Yield and storage
80-150 kg fruits/tree.
Storage temp:- 0°c to 1°c with 80-85% RH.

Storage life:- 3-5weeks.

Grade used in litchi:-extra class, grade-l, grade-Il.

Dipping the fruit bunches in to ethrel to increase the fruit colour

21. Pests of litchi

Fruit fly

Fruit borer

Eriophide mite

Bark eating

caterpillar

Red rust

Bactocera dorsalis

Cryptophlebia illepida

Acaria litchi

Inderbella tetragonis

algae

À

5 gm. trichloroform
with 10 lts of water.

fenvolarate @ 0.01%.

Pruning and apply
spinosyn.

Plugging the hole
with formalin.

Sulphur spray 3
times in autumn and
spring.

22. A! disorders of litchi D |)
NO.

Little leaf Zn deficiency. Apply ZnSo4.
2 Fruit crack Excess water with high Irrigate properly.
temperature.
3 Chicken tongue Embryo abortion. Properly pollinate
the plant.
4 Sun burn Direct exposure of sun Practice of sod
light. Culture.

23. DISEASES

1) Anthracnose:

» The small spots develop into large, brown spots indicative of fruit rot.

» Most of the rot found in mature fruit comes from the infection of young frui

» Finally, a white mycelium appears on the fruit during storage

Favourable conditions:

> During the rainy season, the rain water trickling through the diseased leaves i
with the spores of the pathogens to cause further infections .The fungus may

cause immediate disease, which sometimes only becomes apparent after harvesi
E

24. 2) Root rot/wilt:

» One side of the tree’s crown may be perfectly sound/good an
necrosis.

> Leaf shed never occurs (it does in the case of a nematode attack)
internal parts of the roots are characteristically red in colour.

> The symptoms include a sudden branch wilt new growth on the aff
over a period. In other situations, the tips die without wilting.

Favourable conditions:

> Moist soil and humid conditions favour the development of disease.

25. 3) Leaf rust:

» Later, larger areas of leaves are affected with this growth. Old ani
show various types of malformation. Their growth turns light brow:

» On the upper surface, just the opposite site of the lesion, chlorotic
As the leaves unfold and increase in size, the velvety growth become
prominent and dense

» Favourable conditions:

» Frequent rains and warm weather are favorable conditions for these
pathogens

26. > Uses of litchi fruit

27. REFERENCES:

> Fruits Book by RANJIT SINGH From pg:140 to145

> scientific fruit culture by D.Veerargavathatham,
m.jawaharal,s.jeeva,r.Rabindran, G.Umapathy . Pg. 212-215

> www.production Guidelines of litchi
> www.world litchi cultivars
» Management of Horticultural crops by Singh H. P.

28. THANK YOU