Production technology of Cabbage

Production technology of cabbage

1. WELCOME Dar Maajid

2. INTRODUCTION Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Chromosome no. 2n= 18 Family: Cruciferae Origin: Mediterranean region Dar Maajid

3. Cabbage is grown over an area of 2412 thousand hectares in the world, with a production of 69381 thousand tonnes. China is the leading producer of cabbage in the world followed by India Productivity of cabbage is highest in Republic of Korea with 72.45 t/ha. World Scenario Dar Maajid

4. S . No . Country Area (‘000 ha) Production (‘ 000 tons) Productivity ( tons/ha) 1. China 966 33188 34.35 2. India 402 9035 22.47 3. Republic of Korea 35 2536 72.45 4. Russian Federation 72 2495 34.65 5. Ukraine 63 1672 26.53 6. Indonesia 66 1407 21.31 7. Japan 35 1379 39.4 8. Romania 47 1067 22.70 9. Poland 24 985 41.04 10. U.S.A 21 884 42.09 FAO Stat, 2018 Dar Maajid

5. India is the second largest producer of cabbage in the world with a production of 9035 thousand tonnes from an area of 402 thousand hectares . West Bengal is the leading producer of cabbage in India but the productivity is highest in Uttar Pradesh. In Jammu and Kashmir it is grown over an area of 3.79 thousand hectares with a production of 114.70 thousand tonnes. INDIAN SCENARIO Dar Maajid

6. S.No . State Area (‘000 ha) Production (‘000 tons) Productivity (tons/ hac ) 1. West Bengal 79.46 2288.50 28.80 2. Orissa 37.34 1058.78 28.35 3. Madhya Pradesh 29.89 686.91 22.98 4. Bihar 37.94 673.44 17.75 5. Assam 33.24 640.13 19.25 6. Gujarat 27.85 629.48 22.60 7. Chhattisgarh 21.84 414.19 18.96 8. Haryana 21.21 342.45 16.14 9. Jharkhand 19.06 326.22 17.11 10. Uttar Pradesh 9.06 302.97 33.44 FAO Stat, 2018 Dar Maajid

7. Demand for high value produce is growing both in domestic and overseas market at the same time, competition is also increasing . Biotechnological tools must be used in conjunction with conventional breeding to tag genes of interest. There is need to develop varieties with durable resistance to multiple diseases and pests; heat, drought and salt tolerant  varieties Eco-region specific technology generation based on  maximum productivity   of available natural resources like climatic condition, soil fertility and water. Improve the understanding of interactions between native ecosystems and production systems and develop best practices to conserve biodiversity. FUTURE THRUSTS Dar Maajid

8. Integrated management of emerging diseases and pests. Emphasis should be on identification of new and effective bio-molecules for management of biotic stresses being encouraged for ecofriendly and sustainable management of diseases and pests . Develop production and post-harvest technologies to improve product quality and minimize environmental  impacts.  Sustainable path for development to meet challenges in vegetable production through proper technological innovations and interventions Inter institutional mechanisms to network and review the ongoing programmes of biotechnology, cost effective production technologies, postharvest technology, farm mechanization, transfer of technology and organic farming. Dar Maajid

9. Composition of minerals Vitamin A 80 IU Lutein + Zeaxanthin 27 µg Vitamin C 37.5 mg Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) 0.41 mg Vitamin K 108.7 µg Thiamin 0.061 mg Riboflavin 0.038 mg Niacin 0.248 mg Vitamin B6 0.112 mg Folate 30 µg Pantothenic acid 0.174 mg Composition of vitamins USDA , 2018 Calcium 48 mg Iron 0.17 mg Magnesium 15 mg Phosphorus 33 mg Potassium 196 mg Sodium 8 mg Zinc 0.2 mg Copper 0.017 mg Manganese 0.205 mg Selenium 0.6 µg Fluoride 1 µg Dar Maajid

10. Protein 1.27g Valine 0.042g Tryptophan 0.011g Arginine 0.074g Threonine 0.035g Histidine 0.022g Isoleucine 0.03g Alanine 0.042g Leucine 0.041g Aspartic acid 0.121g Lysine 0.043g Glutamic acid 0.292g Methionine 0.012g Glycine 0.03g Cystine 0.011g Proline 0.048g Phenylalanine 0.032g Serine 0.052g Tyrosine 0.019g Valine 0.042g Arginine 0.074g     USDA , 2018 Dar Maajid

11. Antioxidant Agent Due to the high vitamin C content of cabbage, it helps in boosting the immune system and fighting off free radicals. Anti-inflammatory Agent They contain  sulforaphane , which is a compound that reduces inflammation . Cabbage is also known to accumulate a build-up of cadmium-binding complexes in its leaves; one of the main components of that is  glutamine . Glutamine is a strong anti-inflammatory agent, so consuming it can help to reduce inflammation, irritation,  allergies , joint pain,  fever , and various skin disorders. Dar Maajid

12. cabbage- which contain a relatively high content of glucosinolates , having anti-carcinogenic properties . The glucosinolates are converted into isothiocyanate compounds; This conversion helps in the prevention of various cancers including  breast cancer ,  prostate cancer ,  bladder cancer , and  colon cancer . Red cabbage specifically has a number of anti-cancer compounds like lupeol , sinigrin , and sulforaphane ( glucosinolates derived isothiocyanate ), which are known to stimulate enzyme activity and inhibit the growth of tumors that lead to cancer . Cabbage has an abundant amount of beta-carotene, As per studies in the  American Journal of Epidemiology  dietary beta-carotene has been positively linked with reduced chances of prostate cancer Dar Maajid

13. The fibres present in cabbage helps to bulk up the bowel movements and treat constipation .  Rich in fibres and glucosinolates , thus helps the body to retain water cabbage is rich in polyphenols, which reduce the risk of  cardiovascular diseases by reducing blood pressure and preventing platelet build-up.  Also , by binding the bile acids, cabbage helps to lower bad  cholesterol levels Dar Maajid

14. Free radicals can be an underlying cause of wrinkles, skin discoloration, spots, and many other conditions. Therefore , the antioxidants we get by eating cabbage can cause a turn-around in our aging processes, leaving us feeling and looking healthy and young The presence of  vitamin K  and anthocyanins in cabbage can give a strong boost to  mental health . Vitamin K is essential for the production of sphingolipids , the myelin sheath around some nerve cells. Dar Maajid

15. Cabbage, as well as all cruciferous vegetables, are great sources of minerals, like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. These three essential minerals are integral in the protection of bones from degradation and the onset of conditions like  osteoporosis  and general bone weakening. Dar Maajid

16. For an early crop sandy or sandy loam soils are considered best but for a late crop where higher yield is the main consideration clay loam or silt loam (heavy) soils which can retain moisture are more suitable . Due to slow growth on heavy soils, the keeping quality of heads is improved because of compactness . The optimum pH for the growth of cabbage is 5.5-6.5 since phosphorus availability is more in this range . However, adding dolomite lime not only the pH is adjusted but magnesium is added to the soil, a nutrient often found deficient in cabbage. Most of the cabbage types are moderately tolerant to salt. Plants grown in saline soils are more susceptible to diseases like black-leg . Soil Dar Maajid

17. It thrives best in a relatively cool and moist climate. Japanese investigations have shown that 15-20 ˚C is the optimum temperature range for growth and head formation of cabbage. At temperature exceeding 25 ˚C, the growth is checked. The minimum temperature for growth of cabbage is just above 0 ˚C . Cabbage may withstand temperatures of 10-40 ˚C for a few days only. The young plants can grow at higher temperature followed by the their requirement for cool season for heading . The development of heat tolerant varieties of cabbage in japan has increased the potentiality for growing these varieties under wider temperature range and formed tight heads even at an average temperature of 25 ˚ C. T he imported hot weather hybrids like Green Boy and Green Express form compact heads under tropical conditions in day temperatures of 30-35 ˚C in East, South and western India . Climate Dar Maajid

18. Copenhagen Market An introduction from Denmark Early , round 1.5-3kg 75-80days Late variety Heads are with few outer leaves, uniform, solid Drum shaped, pale green Stalk is short, small frame Late Drum Head Dar Maajid

19. Golden Acre Earliest variety Sel. From Copenhagen Market Outer leaves cup shaped Solid, short core,1-1.5kg Cracking of heads-late sowing 60-65 DAP Recommended in Kashmir Dar Maajid

20. P r id e of India Introduction Plant type similar to Golden Acre Week later in maturity Heads Bigger size 1.5-2.0kg J ersey wakefield Early Jersey Wakefield is known for the solid, conical heads it produces on compact plants The heads are tender and crisp 55-60 days for head formation 1.0-1.5kg Dar Maajid

21. Danish Ballhead Introduced from United States in 1887 Bolt and split resistant This cabbage produces round , blue-green heads weighing 5-7 pounds K r a n t i Dark green leaves Compact, Semi Round and Light Green Heads Harvesting with in 60 days after transplanting Head weight : 0.8-1.2kg Dar Maajid

22. Pusa Drum Head Released by IARI Light green outer leaves Prominent midribs and venation 3-4kg 80-90days Resistant to Black Leg Recommended in Kashmir Pusa Mukta Well adapted throughout India. Average yield 30 t/ha Resistant to black rot. Maturity in 70-75 days after transplanting Dar Maajid

23. Pusa Synthetic Released from IARI Early variety 350- 460 q/ha September Introduction from Germany Popular in Nilgiri hills Foliage is dark green, wavy margin Long stalk Dar Maajid

24. Bajrang(BSS-50) Beejo Sheetal Seeds Pvt.Ltd.,Jalna, MH Heads are dark green,smooth,highly compact Outer leaves upright Recommended in Kashmir. Resistant to fusarium wilt Average weight is 1kg M i t r a Early hybrid Excellent head to plant ratio Fresh green, uniform, compact, ball shaped 0.8-1.2kg each Dar Maajid

25. Q u i s t o High yielder hybrid Tolerant to hot conditions 70 days Round heads Tropical climate Very solid Savoy type It is more open-headed and used in salads Savoy King and Savoy Queen Both have a deep, dark green colour with a few days difference in their maturity period Savoy King takes 85 days to harvest while Savoy Queen takes 88 days. Dar Maajid

26. Baby Cabbage 300 gram heads after 60 days. Strong tolerance to bolting Shiny green exterior An attractive yellow internal colour. Red Cabbage Tolerant to DBM Distinct coat of wax 1-2kg 90days Dar Maajid

27. Nursery Management Select new field every year. Avoid heavy soils for better drainage. Prepare nursery beds of size 3m X 1m X 0.15m . 10 beds are sufficient to raise seedlings for one hectare. FYM should be applied @ 20-25 kg/bed. Drench the nursery beds with captaf 2g/ litre of water 5 days before sowing. S eeds are sown in nursery beds @ 37-50g/bed . Cover the seeds with sieved mixture of well decomposed manure and soil in equal proportion. In northern plains the seeds are sown in August-Septembe r for early crop and September-October for late crop . In hills the cabbage seeds are sown from the beginning of March to the end of June for fresh vegetable and for seed crop it varies from July (late cultivars) to August (early cultivars). Hot water treatment of seeds at 50 o C for 30 minutes is beneficial to control seed borne disease like black rot and black leg. Cover the seed beds with straw and remove it soon after germination starts. Water the nursery beds morning and evening everyday with a rose can for first few days and light irrigation later on. Protect nursery beds from hot sunshine and heavy rains. ( polytunnels ) Stop watering gradually 3-4 days before lifting. Water thoroughly 2-3 hours before lifting to facilitate lifting of seedlings without root damage. Seedlings are ready for transplanting within 4-5 weeks. Dar Maajid

28. Transplanting Generally, 4-6 weeks old seedlings are ready for transplanting but older seedlings up to 8 weeks age can also be transplanted Seedlings are transplanted at following distances Early varieties: 45x45 cm , mid: 60x45 cm and late 60x60 cm For early planting, ridge  method is more suitable. In saline soils, planting should be done in furrows. Dar Maajid

29. Water Management Cabbage requires a continuous supply of moisture for uniform growth and development of heads. The optimum growth of cabbage occurs at moisture content varying from 60-100% of field capacity with an average of 80%. Irrigation should be given when the moisture content of the soil had dropped below 50% of field capacity. “ Whether the weather dry or wet always water when you set.” During head initiation and development stages proper moisture level in the soil should be maintained. Drip Irrigation increases yield by increasing water use efficiency. The use of drip irrigation in combination with mulch increases yield over furrow irrigation in cabbage by 65% ( Tiwari et al., 2002) Dar Maajid

30. Nutrient Management Cabbage is a heavy feeder and requires adequate manuring for profitable yields . Organic manuring can play a vital role in sustaining soil fertility and crop production Vermicomposting is a potential source of readily available nutrients, growth enhancing substances and a number of beneficial microorganisms like N fixing, P solubilizing and cellulose decomposing organisms ( Suthar , 2012 ). Vermicompost contains more organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur , calcium and magnesium ( Zahid , 2001 ) It not only helps to improve and protect the soil fertility of top soil but also helps to boost productivity by 40% with 20 to 60% lower nutrient inputs ( Sunassee , 2001 ). The quantity of nitrogen, phosphorous and potash varies from place to place. Fertilizers Dosage (kg/ha) Time of application Nitrogen 150 Entire P,K and half of N at the time of sowing and other half of N 30 days after transplanting Phosphorus 60 Potash 60 SKUAST-K, Package of practices volume II Dar Maajid

31. Role of Biofertilizers : Biofertilizers like Rhizobium , Azotobacter and Azospirillum improves growth yield and quality of the vegetable crops along with increasing nutrient uptake and its availability in the soil. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria converts insoluble phosphates in soil into soluble forms and secrete organic acids such as acetic, formic, propionic, lactic, glycolic, fumaric and succinic acids. Phosphorus solubilizing micro-organism has synergistic effect with other biofertilizers (as Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Azospirillum ). VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ) increases nutrient content , growth and yield . Application of Azospirillum in cabbage increases yield by 9.53 % ( bhat et al., 2007 ) Application of Azotobacter in cabbage increases yield by 24.30% ( verma et al., 1994) Dar Maajid

32. Growth R egulators In cabbage var. Golden Acre, vegetable yield was increased by soaking of seeds in 0.1% boric acid before sowing whereas spraying 50ppm boric acid at flowering enhanced the seed yield. GA 3 (100-1000ppm) spray resulted in better development of seed. Recommended Plant Growth Regulators (PGR’S) in Cabbage Name of PGR’S   Concentration (mg/l)   Method of application   Attributes affected   References   NAA   0.1 Seed treatment/   Improves head   Chhonkar and Jha, 1963   IBA 0.4 Foliar spray   Size and yield   Chauhan and Bordia, 1971   NAA + chelated Zn 100+0.2% Foliar spray at 45 days after transplanting   Increases yield   Mishra et al. , 1984.   Dar Maajid

33. Role of micro-nutrients in Vegetables Micro-nutrient Role Boron Essential for pollination and reproduction; cell division; transport of sugars Molybdenum Part of enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism; aids nitrogen fixation and protein synthesis Manganese Important in chlorophyll formation; part of enzyme involved in respiration and nitrogen metabolism Iron Important in chlorophyll formation; part of enzyme involved in photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation Chlorine Involved in light reaction of photosynthesis; aids root and shoot growth Zinc Important in chlorophyll, auxin and starch formation. (Wikipedia) Dar Maajid

34. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on yield of cabbage var. Golden Acre ( Vibhuti et al., 2017) Micro-nutrient Concentration Yield (t/ha) Ammonium molybdate 0.1% 18.7 Boric acid 0.2% 21.68 Zinc sulphate 0.5% 21.13 Copper sulphate 0.5% 18.88 Ferrous sulphate 0.5% 18.93 Manganese sulphate 0.5% 19.76 control   17.05 Dar Maajid

35. Weed Management In cabbage intercultural operations are necessary to check the weed growth and to conserve moisture by the formation of a soil mulch . Removal of weeds eliminates competition for moisture, nutrients, light and air. Weeds can be controlled either manually or by the use of herbicides or a blend of both. Due to shallow root system of cabbage, deep hoeing should always be avoided. Use of black polythene mulch is effective in controlling weeds, conserving moisture and increasing yield of cabbage. Chemical weed control is economic because it saves time and labour. Preplant application of Trifluralin @ 0.5 litre /ha or Basalin @ 0.5 litre /ha gave excellent control of monocot as well as dicot weeds with higher yield . Pre plant application of stomp 30EC (1kg a.i /ha) followed by first hoeing/weeding at the critical crop weed competition period 35-40 days after planting and second light hoeing/weeding 60 days after planting is effective in controlling most annual grasses and broad leaved weeds. Dar Maajid

36. Cropping System To utilize land and labour effectively especially in kitchen and market garden, cabbage can be grown in rotation, succession cropping or intercropping . Any plan of cropping system should not be made permanent but it should be flexible depending on individual or market needs, change in weather conditions, disease and pest infestation . Cabbage can be intercropped with lettuce from November-March followed by cluster bean and French bean from march- october as succession crops in kitchen gardens . Cropping pattern wherein cabbage (late) can be intercropped with lettuce (October-February) followed by Okra (March-June) and radish (July-September) as succession crops or Cabbage (early) intercropped with knol khol (September-December) followed by bitter gourd (January-May) and cowpea (June-August) as succession crops . while doing intercropping care should be taken that cabbage crop get proper light, moisture and be weed free, otherwise lengthy seedling growth may not be able to form uniform heads. Dar Maajid

37. Mulching Mulching is primarily used for the conservation of moisture and control of weeds other benefits derived from mulching are addition of organic matter, especially when plant materials are used as mulch, helps in activating microrganisms in soil, improvement in quality of vegetables and control of certain disease and pests . Leaves, straw, hay, crop wastes, different kinds of paper or polythene may be used as mulch. Black polythene mulch is effective in controlling weeds, conserving moisture, including better growth and higher yield of cabbage. In cabbage use of plastic mulch increases yield by 39.16% (NCPAH 2018) Dar Maajid

38. Protected Cultivation The cultivation of cabbage in India under protection has not been practiced due to varied agroclimatic conditions where it can be grown throughout the year in one part or the other. The growing of cabbage in polyhouses may not be profitable due to high cost involved on infrastructure and production. However they can be utilized for raising seedlings of cabbage in the hills during feb -mar for growing as off-season crop during summer . In heavy snow bound areas like Himachal Pradesh cabbage seed production is done partly under protection because the heads with roots intact are stored during winter in trenches before being planted in the field in April-may. Vernalization of heads takes place in these storages . Maintainance of self incompatible lines of cabbage is done by breaking it temporarily by use of 2-5% carbon dioxide gas in greenhouse. Dar Maajid

39. Poly tunnels Sunken Nursery Dar Maajid

40. Container Culture A household activity that utilizes containers in growing fruits, vegetables and herbs for family consumption. It is the cheapest and healthiest way of food production as it utilizes bio-wastes as sources of fertilizers in growing crops. It is also known as urban container gardening. Dar Maajid

41. Harvesting Cabbage becomes ready for harvesting when the heads are firm but tender. However, it can be done earlier in early winter cultivars like Golden Acre and Pride of India when the market prices are high. Delay in harvesting results in cracking and rotting of heads For harvesting the plant is tilted by holding the head in one hand so that the head can be cut with some wrapper leaves which give protection to head from bruising injury . The heads after harvesting should not be directly kept on the soil which otherwise gives bad look to the heads Dar Maajid

42. Processing: Sauerkraut : It is just like a fermented pickle prepared by using salt. Under anaerobic conditions the sugars of cabbage are decomposed by the activity of lactic acid bacteria into lactic acid which reduces the pH to 4.0. At this low pH all the living microbes are killed and the product is air tight sealed to prevent further deterioration. Storage varieties of white cabbage with compact heads, fine leaves with thin veins are preferred for sauerkraut making. Drying : The shredded cabbage after blenching with steam or boiled water is dried either by freeze drying or hot air drying. Pickling : Red cabbage is used for pickle which is prepared by placing shredded head in brine (25%) for one night after which the brine is replaced with vinegar and packed into glass jars. Cole slaw : cabbage after shredding in small pieces or grated is mixed with different vegetable oils or vinegars, spices and creams is eaten as salad after refrigeration. It can not be stored for longer period. Dar Maajid

43. Physiological Disorders 1. Hollow stem : Hollowness caused by boron deficiency is characterized by the appearance of water soaked areas and discoloration of tissues. When it is caused due to excess of nitrogen, the affected stem remains perfectly white with no sign of disintegration. In this case the stem becomes hollow and the plant growth is stunted. Control: Applying borax or sodium borate @ 20kg/ha In case of acute deficiency spraying of 0.25 to 0.50 % of borax. Reduce the dose of nitrogenous fertilizers. Transplant the crop at closer spacing 2. Whiptail : In this case young cabbage plants become chlorotic ; the leaves become cupped and wither. Eventually the leaf dies and the growing plant also collapses and whiptail develops . It occurs due to molybdenum deficiency particularly in acidic soils having pH below 5.0 Control: Application of 0.2 % Mo as foliar spray would give satisfactory control. Add lime in the soil to raise the p.H of soil to 6.5 Dar Maajid

44. 3. Bolting; Premature formation of seed stalk without forming head is known as bolting. It is not desirable in commercial crop but essential in seed production programme. It is caused due to following reasons; Early sowing of seeds in hot weather. Failure of leaves to form solid heads. Lack of pure seed Inadequate nutrient supply and attack of insect pests and diseases. Control: Growing bolt resistant varieties Avoid sowing in warm weather. Supply adequate amount of nutrients and follow proper plant protection measures Dar Maajid

45. Tip burn Splitting It is the death of the margins of expanding young leaves within the cabbage head. It is caused by shortage of calcium associated with rapid growth and water stress. Control; growing non-susceptible varieties Mature cabbage heads may split if not harvested in a timely manner. Splitting occurs when the stem and internal leaves grow after the head is mature, putting too much pressure on the leaves forming the head. It occurs more frequently after a rain. Control; harvesting should be done soon after the head reaches the marketable stage. Dar Maajid

46. C rop Modeling Modeling is the use of equations or sets of equations to represent the behaviour of a system. crop  models are computer programmes that mimic the growth and development of crops (USDA, 2007). Model  simulates or imitates the behavior of a real crop by predicting the growth of its components, such as leaves, roots, stems and grains. Thus, a crop growth simulation model not only predicts the final state of crop production or harvestable yield, but also contains quantitative information about major processes involved in the growth and development of the crop. Reactions and interactions at the level of tissues and organs are combined to form a picture of the crop’s growth processes. There are no reports of crop modeling in cabbage till now. Dar Maajid

47. Organic Gardening Dar Maajid

48. Dar Maajid

49. Bibliography Tindall , M. (2000). Mineral and organic fertilizing in cabbage. Residual effect for commercial cultivation on yield and quality performance with organic farming. Hort. Bras. 6, 15-20. Batsai , S. T., Polyakev , A. A. & Nedbal , R. F. (1997). Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of irrigated late white cabbage in the steppe region of the Crimea. Hort. Abst . 49 (11), 730. 4. Suthar , S. (2012). Impact of vermicompost and composted farmyard manure on growth and yield of garlic (Allium stivum L.) Field crop. Int. J. of Plant Prod. 3 (1), 27-38 . Sunassee , S. (2001). Use of Litter for Vegetable Production. AMAS 2001. Food and Agricultural Research Council, Reduit , Mauritius. pp. 259–263. . Zahid , H. M. (2001). Production of vermicompost and its use in Upland and Horticultural crops. Annual reports of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate , Dhaka. Chaudhari Vibhuti L, NK Patel, GD Patel, Chaudhari VJ, Sagar Raj Nayak . International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(1): 1724-1726 Dar Maajid

50. THANK YOU Dar Maajid