Production technology of carnation under protected structure (greenhouse).pdf

Carnation flower production under greenhouse

1. GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION OF CARNATION
BY –ATUL KUMAR MISHRA
Asst. Prof. Horticulture

2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Common Name-Divine flower/ Carnation/ Garden pink/Women’s love

Botanical Name-Dianthuscaryophyllus.

Chromosome No.-2n=2x=30

Family-Caryophyllaceae

Origin-Southern France

IMPROVED VARIETIES:

White sim, Pink sim, William sim, King cardinal, Goden wonder etc.

3. INTRODUCTION

Carnationisthenationalflowerofspain.
Thecommonname“ Carnation”probablymusthavecomesfromthe Greekword
“coronation”becausetheseflowerswereusedindecoratingthecrown(Taj)ofGreek
athletes(warrior).

WordDianthusisderivedfromtheGreekwords..dios+anthos-

DiosmeaningGod/divine

Anthosmeaningflower

Henceknownasdivine(divya)flower.

Firstintroducedcarnationintoindia:1980(simtype)

Popularcutflowercropand2
nd
rankintheinternationalmarket.

Itisacoolseasoncrop.

4. IMPORTANCE AND USES

Cutflowers,bedding,pots,borders,indoorsandrock
gardeningfordecorativepurpose.
OccassionofMother’sday,Teacher’sdayandwedding.
Carnationarecommerciallyutilizedforextractionofperfume
inFranceandNetherlands.

Itisalsousedinmedicineasacleantheskinwithoutdrying.

Itisalsousedindecoratingdesserts,sweetsandcakes.

5. TYPES OF CARNATION
1. Sim/Standard Type
•
One large flower on a single stem.•
Popular in India.
2. Spray Type
•
Several smaller flowers per stem.•
Popular in USA.

6. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
TEMPRETURE:

Ideal night temperature is 10-11 degree celsiusduring winter and 13-15 degree Celsius in
summer.

Optimum temperature for standard carnation is 18-23 degree Celsius.

Optimum temperature for quality flower is 10-12 degree celsius.
LIGHT:

It is a long day plant.

The Critical photoperiod for most standard and spray carnation is about 13 hours.

Light intensity 21.5 klux.

7. HUMIDITY:

Relative humidity 80-85% during vegetative growth.
60-65% RH sufficient during full growth stage of plants.
CO2 CONCENTRATION:

10-30%co2increaseinyieldinfluencedbyco2treatmentandtemperatureandlight
conditions.

Co2concentrationis500to750ppmduringdaytimeunderhighlightintensityand
temperaturerangeof14-15degreeCelsius.

8. SOIL:

Clay loamy soil with high organic compounds or mineral matters.

pH range of soil between 5.5 to 6.5.
Good facilities of water drainage.
BED PREPARATION:

The ideal bed width and height are 75-100 cm and 30-45 cm respectively.

The length of bed should not exceed 25 meter.

The path width of 45-50 cm is ideal for many operation like walking and weeding.
PLANTING:

Planting in the squares of net.

SPACING:-

Standard type-20x20 cm; Spray type-30x30 cm.

9. PROPAGATION

Annualflowerispropagatedbyseeds.

Perennialcarnationpropagatedtroughstemcutting.

Lengthofstemcuttingshouldbe8-10cmwith4-6pairsof
leaf.
EnhancementofrootsincuttinguseNAA@500PPMby
quicktipmethod.

10. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT:

BasaldoseofNPK2@30:15:30g/m2.

ApplicationofN(80-200ppm)andK2O(200ppm)asfertigation
solution@200literswater/1000m2areaforbettergrowthand
flowerproduction.
WATER MANAGEMENT:

Sprayingofwatertroughmistinghastobedoneforatleasttwo
weeks.

Afterthreeweeksofplantingdripirrigationhastobeadopted.

11. SPECIAL OPERATION
PINCHING/STOPPING
Removetheheadofthemainstemat
earlystage.

Enhancethemorenumbersofofside
branches.

Itisanimportantoperationinthe
successfulproductionofquality
carnation.

Pinchingshouldbedonebelow6
th
node.

Pinchingisdoneafter3-4weeksof
planting.

12. DISBUDDING

Theremovalofundesirableimmature
flowerbud(5-10mm)iscalledas
disbudding.
Spraytype:-removethecentralterminal
budtoencouragelateralflowerbudsto
develop.

Standardtype:-sidebudsremovedto
givemainflowerachancetodevelop.

13. CYLAX BANDING:

Calyxbandingisatechniqueusedtoreducecalyxsplittingin
carnation.Whichcanbedonebyarubberbandorclearplastictape
aroundthecalyxofaflowerasitstartstoopen.
WEEDING AND LOOSENING OF THE SOIL :

Thisoperationisdonewiththehelpoflonghandedweedinghook
(khurpi).

Itishelpfulforremovalofweeds,breakingthetoplayersoilandto
facilitatebetteraircirculationinsoil,thisistobedoneverycarefully
toavoiddamageofactiveroots.

14. HARVESTING, POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
HARVEST:

Carnationflowersmaturein4-5monthsperiod.

Standardcultivarsareharvestedat“PaintBrush”stagewithhalf-openflowers,oralmost
fullyopenflowers.

Spraycultivarsareharvestedwhenthereare2fullyopenflowersonthestem.Standard
carnationscanalsobeharvestedatthestageofmature,largebuttightbudswithcalyxes
filledwithpetalsorbudswithpetalsjustbeginningtoappearontheupperportion(i.e.
at“cross”stage).
YIELD:

Yearly production of 300-400 flowers/m2 is ideal and economical.

15. FLOWER PRESERVATIVES:

AllcutflowersauctioncentresinWesternEuroperequireflowerstobepretreatedwith
SilverThiosulphateSolution(STS)orsomeotherfloralpreservatives.Thepreservatives
promotelongevityandqualityofcutflowers.
Ex-Cytokinin–10-100ppm.
Sugar–0.5-2%

Citricacid–50-100ppm
PACKING:

Packingcomprisesthreestages:bunching,wrappingandpacking.

Theexactnumberofstemsstipulatedperbunchi.e.5,10,ormultiplesof10pieces
shouldbetiedwitharubberbandatthebaseofthestem.Thebranchesmaybewrapped
inpaper.Plasticpromotefungalattack.

However,wrappingisnotessential.Manydifferentcardboardboxesareusedforpacking.
Forlong-termtransport,itisbesttousetelescopicstyleboxesmadeofcorrugated
fibreboard.Boxesmustbestrongenoughtosupporttheweightofatleast8fullboxes
placedontopofoneanotherunderconditionsofhighhumidity.

16. PRE-COOLING:

Rapidremovaloffieldheatfromtheproduceiscalledpre-cooling.theheatfromthe
freshlyharvestedflowersneedstoberemovedrapidlybeforeshippingorstorage.
Thevariousmethodsofpre-cooling,forcedaircoolingisconsideredasthebestfor
cutflowers.Thisoperatesbyforcingcoldaidthroughboxeswhichhaveventsateach
end.
STORAGE TEMPERATURE:

Temperatureshouldbe4to6degreeCelsiuswith85-90%RelativeHumidity

17. PLANT PROTECTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER
CALYX SPLITTING:

The petals lose support and bend down which can destroy the flowers shape and
structure.

Factors: Low temp. <10 degree Celsius, Low N2, Low Boron level.
SLEEPINESS:

Petals to curl inward and upward, resembling wilting.

Factors: High ethylene due to faulty heaters or leaky gas pipes.

18. INSECT-PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
DISEASES: 
Pythium, Phytopthorarot, Fusarium wilt, Fusarium stem rot, Alternaria blight, Grey
mold.
PESTS:

: Aphid, Mealybug, Spidermite, Thrips, Whitefly
Control:

Soil Sterilisation –Chloropicrin

Dithane–0.6 gm/litre 3.

Metasystox–1.25 ml/litre

Karathane–1.00 ml/litre

Volume of preventive spray –1500 litre/spray and frequency is 50 sprays/year i.e. once
in a week.