production technology of Groundnut .pptx

Groundnut: economic importance - seasonal and soil requirement - sowing - planting - nutrient management - Water management - cultural practices - weed management - pre and
postharvest technologies.

1. groundnut Presented by, AJMAL SIDDIQUE M.Sc., (Ag.) Agronomy

2. INTRODUCTION Scientific name : Arachis hypogaea Family : Leguminaceae Origin : South America King of oilseed crop Groundnut, popularly known as the peanut is a leguminous crop cultivated for edible purposes. It is found exclusively in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is sometimes considered as a grain legume because the seed can produce oil and the crop is categorized as an oil crop.

3. SCOPE & IMPORTANCE It is the 13 th most important food crop and 4 th most important oilseed crop of the world. Groundnut kernels have about 25% protein which is 1.3 times higher than meat, 2.5 times higher than eggs and 8 times higher than fruit. The oil content in kernels ranges from 40-50% and is extensively used for cooking (culinary oil) and for preparing vegetable oil ( vanaspati ). The groundnut cake have immense value as feeding material for livestock and organic manure. It contains 8% N, 1.4% P2O5 and 1.2% K2O.

4. AREA & DISTRIBUTION It is grown in about 25.2 million ha worldwide with a total production of 36.44 million metric and an average productivity of 1454 kg/ha. The most important groundnut producing countries are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan. In India, the annual production of groundnuts is around 7180.5 thousand tonnes approximately. The major groundnut producing states in India are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Telangana. Groundnut farming in India is done in 85 lakh hectares of land approximately.

5. AREA, PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY In India : Area under cultivation : 5.7 million hectares Production : 10.13 million tonnes Productivity : 1777 kg/ha In Tamil Nadu : Area under cultivation : 3.7 lakh hectares Production : 1.05 million tonnes Productivity : 2812 kg/ha Highest Area : GUJARAT > ANDHRAPRADESH > RAJASTHAN Production : GUJARAT > RAJASTHAN > TAMIL NADU Productivity : PONDICHERRY > TAMILNADU > WEST BENGAL Source : Indiastat , 2022

6. CULTIVARS / VARIETIES Bunch variety - Junagadh-II, GAUG-1, Kadiri-71.1, TMV-2, AK.12-24, Kopergoan . Semi – spreading variety - TMV-6, TMV-8, Kopergoan-1, C-501. Spreading variety - Punjab-I, Ah.334, GAUG-2, TMV-3, Karad 4-11, M-145, M-13.

7. NUTRITION FACTS The nutrition facts for 100 grams of raw peanut is as follows :
Calories: 567
Water: 7%
Protein: 25.8 grams
Carbohydrates: 16.1 grams
Sugar: 4.7 grams Fiber : 8.5 grams
Fat: 49.2 grams

8. AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES Groundnut growing area in the country are divided into five zones Zone I (Northern zone)-UP, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Northern Rajasthan Zone II (Western zone)-Gujarat, Southern Rajasthan Zone III (Central zone) – MP Zone IV ( Penisular ) – Karnataka, AP & Southern Mahastra Zone V (Southern zone) – Tami Nadu

9. GROWING SEASON IN INDIA 1. Kharif – 90% of the area rainfed Mostly June-July South India – June to August Tamil Nadu – April South Tamil Nadu – August and September 2. Rabi – Limited where winter is not severe Temperature never goes below 15°C After kharif rice – irrigation October to December 3. Summer – Irrigated ideal period more yield I Fortnight of December to February 4. Spring - Irrigated – I Fortnight of February to I Fortnight of March

10. GROWING SEASON IN TAMILNADU I. Rainfed April – May – Chithiraipattam – Polachi , Theni and Thenkasi June – July-Early Adipallam NE & NW zones July – August-late Adipattam – Western, Southern Cavery delta zone October – November – Aipasipattam – NE and Kanyakumari zones II. Irrigated April – July – Chitheripattam - Summer –All districts December – January – Margazhipattam – All district except Erode by Coimbatore February – March – Masipattam – New Delta – Rice fallow

11. CLIMATE REQUIREMENT Particular’s Value Maximum Temperature 40° Minimum Temperature 15° Optimum Temperature 25° - 35° Rainfall 700 mm

12. CULTIVATION PRACTICES 1. FIELD PREPARATION Plough with tractor using a disc followed by harrow, once or twice with iron plough or 3 – 4 times with country plough till all the clods are broken and a fine tilth is obtained.
Chiselling for soils with hard pan. Amendments for soil surface crusting : to tide over the surface crusting, apply lime @ 2 t/ha along with FYM or composted coir pith @ 12.5 t/ha .

13. 2. APPLICATION OF F ERTILIZERS N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha) Sulphur sludge (kg/ha) 25 50 75 60 10 ( as in rainfed) 10 (Rainfed) 45 (Rainfed) 3. FORMING BEDS Form beds of size 10 m² to 20 m² depending upon the availability of water, slope of the land and type of soil. Raised bed with a width of 60cm and with a furrow of 15cm on either side may be formed and sowing taken on the raised bed.

14. 4. APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS Apply TNAU MN mixture @ 12.5 kg /ha as Enriched FYM . (Prepare enriched FYM at 1:10 ratio of MN mixture & FYM ; mix at friable moisture &incubate for one month in shade). To increase flower retention, pod filling and to induce drought tolerance apart from yield improvement, 2 sprays of groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg/ha (for each spray) at 35 DAS ( 50 per cent flowering) and 45 DAS (Pod developing stage) in 500 litres of water is recommended.

15. 5. SEED RATE Seed Rate (kg/ha) Irrigated 125 kg/ha Increase the seed rate by 15% in the case of bold seeded varieties. Rainfed 120 kg/ha 175 kg/ha of kernels for bold seeded varieties. 6. SPACING Adopt a spacing of 30 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants . Gujarat higher spacing 45/65 x 10 cm.

16. 7. SEED TREATM ENT Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg seed or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed. 8. DEPTH OF SOWING Dibble the seeds at 4 cm depth along with fertilizer.

17. 9. EARTHING UP Accomplish earthing up during second hand weeding/late hand weeding (in herbicide application).
It is an important operation in groundnut. Earthing up is to be done within 40-45 days after sowing as it helps for the penetration of pegs in the soil and also facilitates for increased pod development. NOTE: Earthing up provides medium for the peg development
Use the improved hoe with long handle which can be worked more efficiently in a standing position.
Do not disturb the soil after 45 th day of sowing as it will affect pod formation adversely.

18. 10. APPLICATION OF CALCIUM SULPHATE (GYPSUM) Apply gypsum @ 400 kg/ha by the side of the plants on the 40 th to 45 th day of sowing. Application of gypsum encourages pod formation and better filling up of the pods.
Application of gypsum at the rate of 50 % basal both in rainfed and irrigated condition reduces Khadhasty malady and pod scab nematode. 11. COMBINED NUTRIENT SPRAY To improve pod filling spraying of nutrient solution is advisable. This can be sprayed on 25 th and 35 th day after sowing. Spray TNAU Groundnut rich @ 5.5 kg/ha for 2 sprays at 35 (50 per cent flowering) and 45 DAS Pod developing stage).

19. 12. WATER MANAGEMENT Schedule the irrigation at 0.40 and 0.60 IW/CPE ratio during vegetative and reproductive phases respectively. Pegging, flowering and pod development phases are critical for irrigation. Apply irrigation as follows:
Sowing or pre-sowing
Life irrigation, 4 – 5 days after sowing if sowing irrigation given to break the surface crust.
20 days after sowing
At flowering give two irrigations
At pegging stage give one or two irrigation
In pod development stage, 2 – 3 irrigations depending on the soil type

20. 13. WEED MANAGEMENT Pre-sowing : Fluchloralin at 2.0 l/ha soil applied and incorporated. Pre-emergence : Fluchloralin 2.0 l/ha applied through flat fan nozzle with 900 l of water/ha followed by irrigation. After 35 - 40 days one hand weeding may be given. If no herbicide is applied two hand weeding and hoeing are given on 20th and 40th day after sowing.

21. 14. PESTS AND DISEASES Sucking pests – Aphids, Thirps Root grub - Deep summer ploughing– resistant varieties, chemical spray ( Integrated pest managerial practices) Leaf miner - Crop resistance, chemical spray Red hairy caterpillars - IPM – MPV, Intercropping and chemical spray, crop rotation. Tikka disease & Collar root -Resistant varieties, seed treatment, spray mancozrb 2.5g/litre along with conbentazim 1.0g/litre Nematodes - resistance varities & aldicarb soil application

22. 15. HARVESTING Observe the crop, considering its average duration. Drying and falling of older leaves and yellowing of the top leaves indicate maturity.
Pull out a few plants at random and shell the pods. If the inner shell is brownish black and not white, then the crop has matured.
Irrigate prior to harvest. Strip off the pods from the plants. Groundnut stripper developed by TNAU can be used.
Dry the pods in the sun for 4 or 5 days. Repeat drying for 2 or 3 more days after an interval of 2 or 3 days to ensure complete drying.

23. CROP PHYSIOLOGY Foliar spray of TNAU Groundnut Rich @ 2 kg/acre in 200 litres of water at peak flowering and at pod development stages increases flower retention increases pod filling improves moisture stress tolerance enhance pod yield.

24. 16. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY Groundnut milk Peanut butter Peanut cookies Groundnut Chikki Groundnut oil cake Groundnut chattani

25. Groundnut milk Peanut cookies Groundnut Chikki Groundnut Chikki Groundnut oilcake

26. AFLATOXIN Fungal toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. Parasiticus , major constraint to increased productivity and market competitiveness. Grains are susceptible to contamination through poor production, harvesting, processing and storage. EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN Health effects by causing aflatoxicosis . Income losses.

27. 17. YIELD Rainfed Pods 1400 – 2000 kg/ha Haulms 2800 – 4000 kg/ha Irrigated Pods 2000 – 3000 kg/ha Haulms 4000 – 6000 kg/ha Harvest index 0.35 to 0.50 Shelling percent 70-75%

28. CROPPING SYSTEM The most common cropping systems are given below. Groundnut – wheat; iv. Groundnut – barley; Groundnut – chick pea; v. Groundnut – field pea; Groundnut – lentil In Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, sorghum is cultivated after groundnut Rainfed: Groundnut and red gram (SA1) are grown as intercrops in 6:1 ratio. Irrigated: Groundnut + Gingelly (4:1); Groundnut + blackgram (4:1) Groundnut + cowpea (6:1); Groundnut + cowpea (5:1) Groundnut + sunflower (6:2)

29. MECHANIZATION Advantages by adopting mechanization : Reduced cost of cultivation Saving in time Increase in crop production area and productivity Self employment to rural youth through custom hiring.

30. TILLAGE MACHINERIES

31. SEED TO SEED MECHANIZATION

32. SOWING EQUIPMENT

33. INTER CULTIVATION EQUIPMENT

34. PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

35. HARVESTING MACHINERY

36. THRESHING MACHINERY

37. REFERENCES Dr. Rajendra Prasad.2016. Textbook Of Field Crops Production. Vol 1. Indian Council Of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. tnau agritech portal https://www.healthline.com https://apeda.gov.in